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12 views

11 Atm

data and computer communications william stallings 9th edition_chapter_11.ppt

Uploaded by

everna44
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 11 – Asynchronous Transfer
Mode

Ninth Edition
by William Stallings

Data and Computer Communications, Ninth


Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2011
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
One man had a vision of railways that would link all the
mainline railroad termini. His name was Charles Pearson
and, though born the son of an upholsterer, he became
Solicitor to the city of London. There had previously been a
plan for gaslit subway streets through which horse-drawn
traffic could pass. This was rejected on the grounds that such
sinister tunnels would become lurking places for thieves.
Twenty years before his system was built, Pearson envisaged a
line running through "a spacious archway," well-lit and well-
ventilated.
His was a scheme for trains in a drain.
—King Solomon's Carpet,
Barbara Vine (Ruth Rendell)
The Role of Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM)
 ATM uses packets called cells
 cells are small and fixed-length
 connection-oriented
 performance of a circuit-switching network
and the flexibility and efficiency of a
packet-switching network
 supports data, voice, video
 transmission based on priority and QoS
ATM
 ITU-T leading the development of standards
 ATM Forum ensures interoperability among
private and public ATM implementations
 commonly used to implement WANs
 DSL uses ATM for multiplexing and
switching
 used as a backbone in IP networks and
Internet
ATM
a streamlined packet transfer interface
 similarities to packet switching and frame
relay

transfers data in discrete chunks

supports multiple logical connections over a
single physical interface
 ATM uses fixed sized packets called cells
 minimal error and flow control capabilities
 operates at high data rates
Protocol Architecture
Reference Model Planes
ATM Network Interfaces
 switchesare interconnected by point-to-
point ATM links called interfaces

user-network interface (UNI)

network node interface (NNI)

interface specification includes:
• definition of link types allowed
• addressing formats
• cell format
• control signaling protocols
ATM

I
N
T
E
R
F
A
C
E
S
ATM Logical Connections
ATM Virtual Path Connection

 virtual path connection (VPC)



bundle of VCC with same end points
Advantages of Virtual Paths
Several advantages can be listed for the use
of virtual paths:
Virtual
Path/Virtual
Channel
Terminology
Call
Establishment
Using VPs
Virtual Channel Connection
Uses
Virtual Channel Characteristics

 quality of service
 switched and semi-permanent channel
connections
 cell sequence integrity
 traffic parameter negotiation and usage
monitoring
Virtual Path Characteristics
 quality of service
 switched and semi-permanent channel
connections
 cell sequence integrity
 traffic parameter negotiation and usage
monitoring
 virtual channel identifier restriction within a
VPC
Control Signaling - VCC
 to establish or release VCCs & VPCs
 uses a separate connection
 methods are:
1. semi-permanent VCC
2. meta-signaling channel
3. user to network signaling virtual channel
4. user to user signaling virtual channel
Control Signaling - VPC
 methods for control signaling for VPCs:
1. semi-permanent
2. customer controlled
3. network controlled
ATM Signaling
ATM
Cells
ATM Header Fields
 generic flow control
 virtual path identifier
 virtual channel identifier
 payload type
 cell loss priority
 header error control
Payload Type (PT) Field Coding
Generic Flow Control (GFC)
 control traffic flow at user to network interface
(UNI) to alleviate short term overload
 two sets of procedures

uncontrolled transmission

controlled transmission
 every connection subject to flow control or not
 if subject to flow control:

may be one group (A) default

may be two groups (A and B)
 flow control is from subscriber to network
GFC - Single Group of
Connections
1. If TRANSMIT=1 send uncontrolled cells any
time. If TRANSMIT=0 no cells may be sent
2. If HALT received, TRANSMIT=0 until NO_HALT
3. If TRANSMIT=1 & no uncontrolled cell to send:
1. If GO_CNTR>0, TE may send controlled cell and
decrement GO_CNTR
2. If GO_CNTR=0, TE may not send controlled cells
4. TE sets GO_CNTR to GO_VALUE upon
receiving SET signal
Use of HALT
 to limit effective data rate on ATM
 should be cyclic
 to reduce data rate by half, HALT issued to
be in effect 50% of time
 done on regular pattern over lifetime of
connection
Generic Flow Control (GFC)
Field Coding
Two Queue Model
 uses two counters each with current and
initial values:

GO_CNTR_A

GO_VALUE_A

GO_CNTR_B

GO_VALUE_B
Header Error Control
Effect of
Error in
Cell
Header
Impact of Random Bit Errors
on HEC Performance
Transmission of ATM Cells
 I.432 specifies  two choices of
several data rates: transmission

622.08Mbps structure:

155.52Mbps 
cell based physical

51.84Mbps layer

25.6Mbps 
SDH based physical
layer
Cell Based Physical Layer
 no framing imposed
 continuous stream of 53 octet cells
 cell delineation based on header error
control field
Cell Delineation State Diagram
Impact of Random Bit Errors on
Cell Delineation Performance
Acquisition Time
vs. Bit Error Rate
SDH Based Physical Layer
 imposes structure on ATM stream

eg. for 155.52Mbps

use STM-1 (STS-3) frame
 can carry ATM and STM payloads
 specific connections can be circuit
switched using SDH channel
 SDH multiplexing techniques can combine
several ATM streams
STM-1 Payload for SDH-Based
ATM Cell Transmission
ATM Service Categories
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
 fixed data rate continuously available
 tight upper bound on delay
 uncompressed audio and video

video conferencing

interactive audio

A/V distribution and retrieval
Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
(rt-VBR)
 for time sensitive applications

tightly constrained delay and delay variation
 rt-VBR applications transmit data at a rate that
varies with time
 characterized as bursty
 allow more flexibility than CBR
Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
(nrt-VBR)
 used for data transfers with critical response time

airline reservations, banking transactions
 end system specifies:

a peak cell rate

a sustainable or average cell rate

measure of how bursty or clumped cells can be
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
 may be additional capacity over and above that
used by CBR and VBR traffic

not all resources dedicated to CBR/VBR traffic

unused cells due to bursty nature of VBR
 for application that can tolerate some cell loss or
variable delays

eg. TCP based traffic
 cells forwarded on FIFO basis
 best effort service
 examples:

text/data/image transfer

telecommuting
Available Bit Rate (ABR)
 applicationspecifies peak cell rate (PCR)
and minimum cell rate (MCR)
 resources allocated to give at least MCR
 spare capacity shared among all ARB
sources

eg. LAN interconnection
ATM Bit Rate Services
Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
 better service for frame based traffic

IP, Ethernet
 goalis to optimize traffic passing from LAN
onto an ATM backbone network

large enterprise, carrier, Internet service
providers
 allows
user to reserve capacity for each
GFR VC
Summary
 role of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 protocol architecture
 ATM logical connections
 virtual path/virtual channel
 ATM Cell format
 transmission of ATM cells
 ATM services

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