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Fluid Flow Through Pipes

Fluid

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236 views15 pages

Fluid Flow Through Pipes

Fluid

Uploaded by

arshad khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering College Bikaner

Fluid Flow through


Pipes
Dr. O.P Jakhar

Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Fluid Flow through Pipes
 A Closed Conduit through which viscous fluid flows under the
governing forces such as pressure Inertia, viscous, gravitational etc.
Ex. :-
Y

ρ
P> Where
> D >
> P = Pressure
u
ρ = Density (mass)
µ
u = Average Velocity
µ = Absolute Viscosity
X
D = Diameter of Pipe
Fluid Flow through Pipes
 Flow is only possible when the forwarding force must
overcome the fluid frictional resistance force
 There are two types of flow in pipes
i. Laminar flow
ii. Turbulent flow
 The types of flow is identified by the non dimensional
number known as Reynolds Number
Fluid Flow through Pipes
 Reynolds Number
Inertia force Fi
Re = Re =
Viscous force Fv
Now Inertia force Fi = ma = ρv u
t
Where m= mass (ρv)
a = Acceleration (u/t)
e = mass density
v = Volume
u = Average velocity
Fluid Flow through Pipes
Viscous force Fv = τ. A
where τ = Shear stress
= µ du
dy
A = Area
 Substituting the value of Fi and Fv in Reynolds Number equation,
then we get
ρu D
Re =
µ
Fluid Flow through Pipes
Further Reynold’s Number can be expressed as
Where
uD uD ν = µ/ρ
Re = =
Kinematic viscosity
(µ/ρ) ν

i. If Re < 2000 then flow is laminar


ii. If Re > 4000 then flow is Turbulent
iii. If Re is in between 2000 and 4000 then flow is in Transition
Transition flow :- Partial laminar and partial turbulent
Fluid Flow through Pipes
 Now we know that discharge
Q=uA A= π
D²
4
u=Q = Q
A π/4 D²
From equation 2
QD 4Q
Re = ν π/4 D² = πν D
Fluid Flow through Pipes
 Mass flow rate (m) and volume flow rate (Q) are expressed as
m = ρ Q , Q = m/ρ

Then from equation 3

4 m/ρ 4m 4m
Re = π D = πDρν = πD
μ
Fluid Flow through Pipes
 Reynold’s Experiment :-

The apparatus used by Osborne Reynolds (1883), who was the first
scientist to demonstrate to types flow in pipes experimentally. It
consist of followings :-

i. A constant head tank filled with water


ii. A small tank containing dye
iii. A horizontal transparent glass pipe
iv. A regulative valve
v. Measuring tank
Fluid Flow through Pipes

Dye Tank Regulating Valve


Water Tank

Valve

Transparent Pipe
Fig. 1 Reynolds Apparatus Measuring Tank
Fluid Flow through Pipes
Dye
..................
.......................
> > > > > .........................
> . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Water Pipe

(a) Laminar Flow (b) Transitional Flow (c) Turbulent Flow

As per arrangement as shown in above fig.1, when water is allowed in the


pipe opening the regulating valve with different flow rate with different mean
flow velocities. The type of flow in pipe can be seen visibly by allowing a
coloured dye to flow slowly from a capillary tube which is so fitted in the
arrangement that the filament of coloured fluid entered the pipe centrally.
Fluid Flow through Pipes
It is seen that when the flow velocities are low, the dye remains as straight
line and moving along water particles in the pepe as shown in fig.(a) then the
flow is laminar.

When the flow velocity is slowly increased, a disturbance is slowly increased,


a disturbance or instability starts to develop in the dyeline. The line breaks up
into a helical path and it is known as transitional flow as shown in fig. (b)

When flow velocity further increased slowly then dye particles spread in
whole pipe as shown in fig. (c), this type of flow is known as Turbulent.
Fluid Flow through Pipes
Reynold conducted experiments with pipe of different diameter and with
different temperatures i.e. at different density, viscosity
ρuD
Re =
µ
In all above cases with known ρ, µ and D, calculate the average velocity by
measuring the discharge throng known area measuring tank in all cased (a)
(b) and (c)
discharge Q = a X h m³/sec
t
Average velocity u = Q m/sec
π/4 D²
Fluid Flow through Pipes
Then calculate Reynolds Number for all cases of (a) (b) and (c)
ρuD uD
Re = =
µ ν
Again with the calculated value of Reynolds number, you can verify the types
of flow in (a) (b) and (c) and further justify the flow
if in case (a) Re < 2000
if in case (b) 2000 < Re < 4000
if in case (c) Re > 4000

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