+

ASSEMLY
LANGUAGE 01
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Objectives

After studying this part, you should be able

to:
 Familiarize
yourself with the assembly
language, a low level language
 Understand how a program is compiled
 Develop some basic console applications
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Contents

 1- Install 32/64-bit MASM – MS Macro Assembly

 2- MASM Integrated Development Environment(IDE)
 3- Introduction to Microsoft Macro Assembly Language
 Some sample programs
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1- Install 32-bit MSAM
 Microsoft Macro Assembler: an x86 assembler that uses
the Intel syntax for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.
Beginning with MASM 8.0 there are two versions of the
assembler - one for 16-bit and 32-bit assembly sources,
and another (ML64) for 64-bit sources only (Wiki)
 Unzip: masm32v11r.zip  Install.exe  Run for installation
 Interface after installation:
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Install 32-bit MSAM…
 Installed Contents:

Desktop Icon of MASM, executable file: qeditor.exe

Compiler: bin/ml.exe (32 bit), ml64.exe (64 bit)
You should create a folder as a storage of your exercises
2- MASM Integrated
Development Environment

Menu file Menu

allows Project
user allows
working user
with files, compiling
run program,
program, …
…
2- MASM Integrated
Development Environment
Menu Help allows user referencing to
relative topics:
Using editor

Build-in Libraries in MASM

Opcodes of Intel CPU

Syntaxes of MASM language
3- Introduction to MS Assembly
The flat memory model is a non-segmented configuration available in 32-bit operating systems.
Demo 1:
Write an
Assembly
program Directives helps
that displays the program will
conform to
the string Windows
'Hello
World' on
the screen:
How to
Form of create it?
NEXT
a MASM SLIDE
program
 EX01_Hello.asm
Step 1: Open MASM/ Menu File/ New
Step 2: Copy and paste the code in the next slide to it’s editor
Step 3: Save file/EX1_Hello.asm
Step 4: Menu Project/ Console Assemble&Link
Step 5: View results in containing folder
Step 6: Run the program: Click the EX01_Hello.exe
A black window will show then disappear because
there is no code to block it.

An Assembly source code is a file whose

extension MUST BE .ASM
What is the result of compilation?
You can see them in the folder containing you
ASM files
 EX01_Hello.asm - Code
; «« Comment begins with ';' to the end of a line
; From masm32\tutorial\console\demo1
;
; Build this with the "Project" menu using
; "Console Assemble and Link"
Results
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

.486 ; create 32 bit code

.model flat, stdcall
option casemap :none
; 32 bit memory model
; case sensitive How to run the program and we can
include \masm32\include\windows.inc
include \masm32\macros\macros.asm
; always first
; MASM support macros
see it?  Create EX01_Hello.bat file
; -----------------------------------------------------------------
; include files that have MASM format prototypes for function calls
the run it.
; -----------------------------------------------------------------
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
; ------------------------------------------------
; Library files that have definitions for function exports
; and tested reliable prebuilt code.
; ------------------------------------------------
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib

.code ; Tell MASM where the code starts

start: ; The CODE entry point to the program

print chr$("Hello world!",13,10) ; 13: carriage return, 10: new line
exit ; exit the program

; -------------------------------
end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends
Run a program using the
Menu File/Cmd Prompt

The command
dir *.exe will
show all exe
files stored in
the current
folder.
Run an
application by
it’s file name
(.exe can be
ignored)
 EX02_ProcDemo.asm
Procedures are a fundamental building block of programs that are
build directly into the processor using CALL and RET instructions.
This shows how simple it is to do in MASM.

This code is in the directory masm32\tutorial\console\demo2\

Proc.asm Procedure
syntax
 EX02_ProcDemo.asm- Source/Run
; From masm32\tutorial\console\demo2
; Build this with the "Project" menu using
; "Console Assemble and Link"
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
.486 ; create 32 bit code .code ; Tell MASM where the code starts
.model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model
option casemap :none ; case sensitive ; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««

include \masm32\include\windows.inc ; always first start: ; The CODE entry point to the
include \masm32\macros\macros.asm program
; ----------------------------------------------------------------- call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
; include files for function calls exit
; ----------------------------------------------------------------- ; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc main proc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc print chr$("Hi, I am in the 'main' procedure",13,10)
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc ret ; return to the next instruction after
; ------------------------------------------------ "call"
; Library files that have definitions for function main endp
; exports and tested reliable prebuilt code.
; ------------------------------------------------ ; «««««««««««««««««««««««««
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib end start ; Tell MASM where the program
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib ends
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib
 Comments in MASM
Comments are ignored by the assembler

; Comment line

COMMENT delimiter
[Comment block, extending to the closing delimiter]
delimiter

Code
EX03_Data.asm
Print a string declared in the program using the operator OFFSET.
The OFFSET operator tells MASM that the text data is at an OFFSET within
the file which means in this instance that it is in the .DATA section.
Data are declared in
the .data are called as
global data
 Basic Data Types in MASM32
Type Abb Size Integer Types Allowed
r (byte range
s)
BYTE DB 1 -128.. 127 Character, string

WORD DW 2 - 16-bit near ptr, 2 characters, double-byte character

32768..32767
DWOR DD 4 -2Gig..(4Gig- 16-bit far per, 32-bit near ptr, 32-bit long word
D 1)
FWORD DF 6 -- 32-bit far ptr D: Defined
QWOR DQ 8 -- 64-bit long word
D
TBYTE DT 10 -- BCD, 10-byte binary number

REAL4 DD 4 -- Single-precision floating number

REAL8 DQ 8 -- Double-precision floating number

REAL10 DT 10 -- 10-byte floating point

Initialized data has this form:

.data Uninitialized data has this form:

var1 dd 0 ; 32 bit value initialized to zero .data?
var2 dd 125 ; 32 bit value initialized to 125 udat1 dd ? ; Uninitialized single 32 bit space
txt1 db "This is text in MASM",0 ; Initialize a NULL string buffa db 128 dup (?) ; buffer 128 bytes
array dd 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ; array of 8 initialized elements
EX03_Data.asm - Source
; From K:\masm32\tutorial\console\demo3
; Build this with the "Project" menu using
; "Console Assemble and Link"

.486 ; create 32 bit code

.model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model
option casemap :none ; case sensitive

include \masm32\include\windows.inc ; always first

include \masm32\macros\macros.asm ; MASM support macros
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib

.data
txtmsg db "I am data in the initialised data section",0

.code ; Tell MASM where the code starts

; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
start: ; The CODE entry point to the program
call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
print OFFSET txtmsg
ret ; return to the next instruction after "call“
main endp
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends

 EX04_Locals.asm
How to use of LOCAL variables declared in a procedure?
When the procedure is called, these variables are allocated in program’s stack
DECLARE LOCAL VARIABLES
LOCAL MyVar:DWORD ; allocate a 32 bit space on the stack
LOCAL Buffer[128]:BYTE ; allocate 128 BYTEs of space for TEXT data.

How to PROTOTYPE and implement a procedure along with it’s parameters?

How to call user-defined procedure?
How can program receive input from user?  Build-in function: input(“warning:”)
EX04_Locals.asm ; Source code From masm32\tutorial\console\demo4\locals.asm
.486
.model flat, stdcall
; create 32 bit code
; 32 bit memory model
(Source code) option casemap :none ; case sensitive

include \masm32\include\windows.inc ; always first

include \masm32\macros\macros.asm ; MASM support macros
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib

show_text PROTO :DWORD ; prototype a method + type of parameter

.code ; Tell MASM where the code starts

start: ; The CODE entry point to the program

call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit

; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
LOCAL txtinput:DWORD ; a "handle" for the text returned by "input"
mov txtinput, input("Type some text at the cursor : ") ; get input string
invoke show_text, txtinput ; show inputted string
ret
main endp
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
show_text proc string:DWORD
print chr$("This is what you typed at the cursor",13,10," *** ")
print string ; show the string at the console
print chr$(" ***",13,10)
ret
show_text endp
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends
Intel CPU 32-bit Registers
 64-bit Lower Lower Lower 8
Intel register 32 bits 16 bits bits
rax eax ax al
CPU rbx ebx bx bl
Register rcx
rdx
ecx
edx
cx
dx
cl
dl
s rsi
rdi
esi
edi
si
di
sil
dil
rbp ebp bp bpl
rsp esp sp spl
CS Code Segment r8 r8d r8w r8b
DS: Data Segment
r9 r9d r9w r9b
SS: Stack Segment
r10 r10d r10w r10b
r11 r11d r11w r11b
r12 r12d r12w r12b
r13 r13d r13w r13b
r14 r14d r14w r14b
r15 r15d r15w r15b

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff561499(v=vs.85).aspx
 EX05-Numbers.asm
(1) How to receive numbers from user?
Raw data from keyboard are string. The function sval(string) will convert num-
string to signed number.
(2) How to perform a simple addition using registers
add reg1, reg2 will accumulate value in reg2 to reg1
(2) How to print value in a register/variable to screen
Function str$(number)  num-string
(3) How to compare a memory variable to an immediate number
Use the instruction CMP reg, reg/ CMP reg, var/ CMP var, reg/ CMP mem,
immed/ CMP reg, immed (immed= immediate vakue)
(4) How to branching to different labels after camparation? Instruction Syntax
Use jumps: JE (equal), JG (greater than), JL (less than)
EX05-Numbrers.asm
Variables Declarations, Input data, Converting data types
EX05-Numbers.asm
Comparing and Branching
EX05-Numbers.asm
; EX05_Numbers.asm
; Declare program model and all libraries using only one file

include \masm32\include\masm32rt.inc
Source code .code
start: ; The CODE entry point to the program
call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
LOCAL var1:DWORD ; 2 DWORD integral variables
LOCAL var2:DWORD ;
LOCAL str1:DWORD ; a string handle for the input data
; compare 2 variables and process the result
; test the MOV and ADD instructions
mov eax, var1 ; copy var1 to eax
print chr$("Add 2 registers: 100 + 250= ")
cmp eax, var2 ; CMP REG, VAR mov eax, 100 ; copy the IMMEDIATE number 100 into the EAX register
je equal ; jump if var1 is equal to 100 to "equal" mov ecx, 250 ; copy the IMMEDIATE number 250 into the ECX register
jg bigger ; jump if var1 is greater than 100 to "bigger" add ecx, eax ; ADD EAX to ECX
jl smaller ; jump if var1 is less than 100 to "smaller" print str$(ecx) ; show the result at the console
print chr$(13,10,13,10) ; 2 empty lines

equal: ; Input 2 integers

print chr$("2 numbers you entered are equal.",13,10) mov var1, sval(input("Enter number 1 : "))
jmp over mov var2, sval(input("Enter number 2 : "))

bigger:
print chr$("The number 1 you entered is greater than number 2",13,10)
jmp over

smaller:
print chr$("The number 1 you entered is smaller than number 2",13,10)

over:
ret
main endp
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends

Exercises
Part 1: Write answers to your notebook
Use the Opcodes help of the menu Help, describe syntaxes of
following MASM instructions
(1) ADD
(2) SUB
(3) MUL, IMUL
(4) DIV, IDIV. What register will store the remainder ?

Part 2:
Write a MASM
program that will print
the following cantor of
Hàn Mặc Tử
+ Summary

 Form of a MASM program

 Variable declarations: DB, DD, DW, …
 Basic input, output operations: print, chr$(…), str$
(…)
 Data type conversion: sval(..),
 Procedure with parameters: CALL, INVOKE
 Instructions: MOV, ADD, CMP, JE, JG, JL