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Multiple Access

About the multiple access techiques in wireless communication

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LTM-ECE PSG CT
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10 views

Multiple Access

About the multiple access techiques in wireless communication

Uploaded by

LTM-ECE PSG CT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiple Access Techniques

for wireless communication

• Multiple access schemes allow many


mobile users to share a finite amount of
radio spectrum

• High quality of communications must be


maintained during the sharing process
Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple Access Techniques

PR FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA

•Packet Radio
•Frequency Division Multiple Access
•Time Division Multiple Access
•Code Division Multiple Access
•Space Division Multiple Access
Multiple Access (MA)
Technologies
Cellular System MA Technique
AMPS ( Advanced Mobile Phone FDMA / FDD
system )
GSM ( Global System for Mobile ) TDMA / FDD

US DC ( U. S Digital Cellular ) TDMA / FDD

JDC ( Japanese Digital Cellular ) TDMA / FDD

IS – 95 ( U.S Narrowband Spread CDMA / FDD


Spectrum )
Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
code C1 C2 C N

frequency

time frequency
C1 C2 CN
Principle of FDMA Operation

• Each user is allocated a unique frequency


band or channel. These channels are assigned
on demand to users who request service

• In FDD, the channel has two frequencies –


forward channel & reverse channel
Properties of FDMA
• Bandwidth of FDMA channels is narrow
(30 KHz)
• No equalization is required, since the
symbol time is large compared to average
delay spread
• FDMA systems have higher cost
o Costly band pass filters to eliminate spurious
radiation
o Duplexers in both T/R increase subscriber costs
Number Of channels in FDMA
System
Bg

Bg
Bt

Bt  2Bg
N
Bc
Bg  GuardBand
Bc  ChannelBandwidth
Example
In the US, each cellular carrier is allocated
416 channels,
Bt 12.5MHz
Bg 10KHz
Bc 30KHz
 (12.5 106 )  2(10 103 ) 
N 3
416
30 10
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
code
C1
CN
frequency

time time
C1 C2 CN
TDMA Operating principle
• TDMA systems divide each FDMA channel
into time slots
• Each user occupies a cyclically repeating
time slot.
• TDMA can allow different number of time
slots for separate user
TDMA Frame Structure
Preamble Information Trail Bits
message

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot N

Trail Bit Sync Bit Information Guard Bits


Bit
Components of TDMA Frame

• Preamble  Address and synchronization


information for base station and subscriber
identification

• Guard times  Synchronization of receivers


between different slots and frames
TDMA properties
• Data Transmission for user of TDMA
system occurs in discrete bursts
o The result is low battery consumption.
o Handoff process is simpler
• Since different slots are used for T and R,
duplexers are not required.
• Equalization is required, since
transmission rates are higher than FDMA
channels
Efficiency of TDMA
Frame Efficiency
No.ofbits / frame containingtransmitted data
f 
Total Numberof bits / frame

(1  bOH / bT ) 100


(bT  bOH )
 100
bT
Frame efficiency parameters
bT Total Number of bits per frame
=Tf R
Tf =Frame duration
R=Channel bit rate
bOH =Number of overhead bits /frame
=Nr br  Nt bp  Nt b g  Nr b g
Frame efficiency parameter definition

Nr Number of reference bits per frame


Nt Number of traffic bits per frame
br Number of overhead bits per reference burst
bp Number of overhead bits per preamble in each slots
bg Number of equivalent bits in each guard time interval
Number of channels in TDMA System
m(Btot -2Bguard )
N=
Bc
m Maximum number of TDMA users supported on each radio channel
Bguard Guard band to present user at the edge of the band
from 'bleeding over' to an adjacent radio service
Example
The GSM System uses a TDMA frame structure
where each frame consist of 8 time slots, and
each time slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is
transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel.

•Time duration of a bit


•Time duration of a slot
•Time duration of a frame
Solution
• Time duration of a bit
1 1
=Tb =  3
3.692 s
bit-rate 270.833 10
• Time duration of a slot
Tslot 156.25 Tb 0.577 s
ms
• Time duration of a frame

8 Tslot 4.615 ms
Example
If a normal GSM timeslot consists of 6 trailing bits,
8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic
bursts of 58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency.
Solution
•Time slot has 6+ 8.25+ 26 + 2(58) = 156.25 bits.
•A frame has 8 * 156.25 = 1250 bits / frame.
• The number of overhead bits per frame is:
bOH = 8(6) + 8(8.25) + 8(26) = 322 bits
Frame efficiency = (1250 – 322 )/1250 = 74.24 %
Capacity of Cellular Systems

• Channel capacity of a wireless system is


the maximum number of users possible in
the system
• Channel capacity depends on:
– Bandwidth available
– Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) in the channel
Calculation of cell capacity

For a Cellular System


• m = Capacity/cell = Bt
Bc * N

• Bt = Total spectrum for the system


• BC = Channel bandwidth
• N = Number of cells / cluster
Co-channel cell
interference

CELL A

CELL A
CELL A

CELL A CELL A

CELL A
Channel capacity calculation

Bt
m 2/n
 6 S 
Bc  n / 2   
 3  I  min 
where n is the path loss exponent
S
 I  is the minimum required Signal to Interference ratio
  min
S
 I  12 dB for digital transmission
min
S/I for digital cellular system
 S  Eb Rb Ec Rc
 I   I  I

R b Channel bit rate


Eb Energy per bit
R c Rate of channel code
Ec Energy per code symbol
Capacity of Digital Cellular CDMA
• Capacity of FDMA and TDMA system is
bandwidth limited.
• Capacity of CDMA system is interference
limited.
• The link performance of CDMA increases
as the number of users decreases.
Number of possible users in
CDMA
 
 
 WR  
N 1    
 S
  Eb  
  No  
where W R  Pr oces sing Gain
• is the background thermal noise
•S is the average user power
•W is the total RF bandwidth
•R is the information bit rate
Techniques to improve capacity
• Antenna Sectorization
A cell site with 3 antennas, each having a
beamwidth of 120 degrees , has one-third
of the interference received by omni-
directional antenna. This increases the
capacity by a factor of 3
• Monitoring or Voice activity
Each transmitter is switched off during
period of no voice activity. Voice activity is
denoted by a factor 
SNR Improvement

Eb

W R 
No
Ns  S
 1  

where Ns Number of users per sector


SNR Improvement …
 W 
 R 
Ns 1  
1

 Eb  
(S 
,)0    1
 N  )
 o 

If  = 3/8 and number of sector is equal to 3 ,


SNR increases by a factor of 8.
Example
• If W = 1.25 MHz, R= 9600 bps, and a
minimum acceptable Eb/ No is 10 dB,
determine the maximum number of users
that can be supported in a single cell CDMA
system using
• omni directional base station antennas and
no voice activity detection
• 3 sectors at base station and  = 3/8. Assume
the system is interference limited.  = 0.
Solution
(a)  
 
 WR  
N 1    
 S
  Eb  
  No  
 1.25 10 
1   9600   0
 10 
 
1  13.02 14
Solution …
(b) Users per sector

 W 
 R 
Ns 1  
1
  Eb 

(S 
,)0    1
 N 
 o 

 1   1.25 10 
1    9600   0
 3  10 
 8  
35.7
Solution …
Total users N in 3 sectors
3Ns
3 35.7
107 users / cell

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