Chapter 1

Introduction to Database Concepts

Course Structure
Objectives & Outcomes
• Prerequisite: Computer Basics
• Course Objectives:
• The course intends to introduce the students to the management of database
systems, with an emphasis on how to design, organize, maintain and retrieve
information efficiently and effectively from a database.
• Course outcomes: On successful completion of this course, learner will
be able to:
• Design an optimized database.
• Construct SQL queries to perform operations on the database.
• Demonstrate appropriate transaction management and recovery techniques for a
given problem.
• Apply indexing mechanisms for efficient retrieval of information from database.
Detailed Syllabus
1. Introduction Database Concepts: Introduction, Characteristics of databases,
File system v/s Database system, Users of Database system, Schema and
Instance, Data Independence, DBMS system architecture, Database
Administrator (3 hours).
2. Relational Data Model (9 hours):
• Entity–Relationship Model: The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model: Entity types: Weak and
strong entity sets, Entity sets, Types of Attributes, Keys, Relationship constraints: Cardinality
and Participation, Extended Entity-Relationship (EER) Model: Generalization, Specialization
and Aggregation
• Relational Model: Introduction to the Relational Model, relational schema and concept of
keys, Mapping the ER and EER Model to the Relational Model, Introduction to Object-
Relational Databases, ORDBMS Vs Relational Databases
• Relational Algebra – Unary and Set operations, Relational Algebra Queries.
Detailed Syllabus
3. Structured Query Language (SQL) (9 hours): Overview of SQL, Data
Definition Commands, Data Manipulation commands, Integrity constraints -
key constraints, Domain Constraints, Referential integrity, check constraints,
Data Control commands, Transaction Control Commands, Set and String
operations, aggregate function - group by, having, Views in SQL, joins, Nested
and complex queries, Triggers, Security and authorization in SQL.
4. Relational–Database Design (5 hours): Pitfalls in Relational-Database
designs, Concept of normalization, Function Dependencies, Normal Forms-
1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF
Detailed Syllabus
5. Transaction Management and Recovery: Transaction Concept, ACID
properties, Transaction States, Implementation of atomicity and durability,
Concurrent Executions, Serializability, Concurrency Control Protocols: Lock-
based, Timestamp based, Validation Based, Deadlock Handling, Recovery
System: Failure classification, Log based recovery, Shadow Paging, ARIES
recovery algorithm.
6. Indexing Mechanism: Hashing techniques, Types of Indexes: Single Level
Ordered Indexes, Multilevel Indexes, Overview of B-Trees and B+ Trees .
List Of Experiments
Database Management Systems Laboratory (DJS22ADL303)

Exp. Suggested experiments

1 To draw an ER diagram for a problem statement.

2 Map the ER/EER to relational schema.

3 To implement DDL and DML commands with integrity constraints.

4 To access & modify Data using basic SQL.

5 To implement Joins and Views.

6 To implement Subqueries.

7 To implement triggers.

8 Examine the consistency of database using concurrency control technique (Locks)

9 To simulate ARIES recovery algorithm.

10 To implement B-trees/B+ trees.

Books Recommended
• Text books:
• Korth, Silberchatz, Sudarshan, ―Database System Concepts, 7th Edition, McGraw – Hill, 2019.
• Elmasri and Navathe, ―Fundamentals of Database Systems, 7th Edition, Pearson education,
2016.
• Peter Rob and Carlos Coronel, ―Database Systems Design, Implementation and Management,
Thomson Learning, 5th Revised Edition, 2002.
• G. K. Gupta ―Database Management Systems, 3rd Edition, McGraw – Hill, 2018.
• Reference Books:
• Dr. P.S. Deshpande, SQL and PL/SQL for Oracle 10g, Black Book, Dreamtech Press, 2012
• Sharaman Shah, ―Oracle for Professional, Shroff Publishers & Distributers Private Limited, 1st
edition, 2008
• Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehrke, ― Database Management Systems, 3rd Edition,
McGraw – Hill, 2014.
• Patrick Dalton, “Microsoft SQL Server Black Book”, Coriolis Group,U.S., 11th ed. edition (1 July
1997)
• Lynn Beighley, “Head First SQL”, O'Reilly Media, 1st edition (28 August 2007)
Evaluation Scheme
• Semester End Examination (A):
• Theory:
• Question paper based on the entire syllabus, summing up to 65 marks.
• The total duration allotted for writing the paper is 2 hrs.
• Laboratory:
• Oral and practical examinations will be based on the entire syllabus including the practical performed during laboratory
sessions.
• Continuous Assessment (B):
• Theory:
• One term test of 20 marks and one term test/ presentation / assignment / course project / group discussion / any other of 15
marks will be conducted during the semester
• Total duration allotted for writing the paper is 1 hr.
• Laboratory: (Term work)
• Term Work shall consist of at least 10 experiments based on the above list.
• The distribution of marks for term work shall be as follows:
• Laboratory work (Performance of Experiments, Write-up): 15 Marks
• Assignment and Mini Project: 10 marks
• The allocation of marks for laboratory work and tutorials shall adhere to the pre-established
rubric parameters.
Data, Information & knowledge
• Data: the raw building blocks of information
• Information: Information is what you get when you organize and
process data. Information makes data more understandable and useful.
• Knowledge: Knowledge goes beyond information. It's about
understanding and making connections. It involves experience and
insight.
• Example: Data is like the individual puzzle pieces, information is like
putting those pieces together to create a picture, and knowledge is
having a deep understanding of the puzzle itself, how it was put
together, and what it represents.
Database & DBMS
• A database is like a helpful tool that stores and organizes information
so you can find it easily whenever you need it.
• It's like a digital version of your very own organized space for facts,
making life simpler and more organized!
• Database is a collection of organized data.
• A DBMS is software that manages and interacts with databases. It's
like a specialized tool that helps users define, create, modify,
organize,sharing and retrieve data from a database.
Database & DBMS
Database Management
Aspect Database System (DBMS)
Software system that manages
Definition Collection of organized data.
databases.

Stores data in a structured Manages data, controls access,

Role
manner. and more.
Offers tools for data
Functionality Provides data storage.
management.

User Interaction Directly interacts with data. Provides an interface to interact.

Limited or no data manipulation Enables data insertion, updates,

Data Manipulation
features. etc.

Enables complex querying and

Data Retrieval Basic data retrieval capabilities.
retrieval.

Data integrity maintained by Maintains data integrity and

Data Integrity
design. consistency.

MySQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft Access, SQLite,

Examples
MongoDB, etc. PostgreSQL, etc.
Primary Goal of DBMS
• To provide a way to store and retrieve the information that is both
convenient and efficient.
Database System Environment
Types of Databases
• Centralized database.(Central library)
• Distributed database. (data is distributed among different database
systems of an organization)
• Personal database.
• End-user database.(real time database)
• Commercial database.(massive amount of data)
• NoSQL database.(not in tabular form)
• Relational database(rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and
together forms a table(relation).)
File processing system
• A computer File is a resource which uniquely records data, in a
storage device in a computer. There are various formats in which data
can be stored.
• File Processing System (FPS) is a way of storing, retrieving and
manipulating data which is present in various files.
• Files are used to store various documents. All files are grouped based
on their categories. The file names are very related to each other and
arranged properly to easily access the files.
• In file processing system, if one needs to insert, delete, modify, store
or update data, one must know the entire hierarchy of the files.
Advantages of File Processing
System
• Cost friendly –
There is a very minimal to no set up and usage fee for File Processing
System. (In most cases, free tools are inbuilt in computers.)

• Easy to use –
File systems require very basic learning and understanding, hence, can be
easily used.

• High scalability –
One can very easily switch from smaller to larger files as per his needs.
Disadvantages of File Processing
System Over DBMS
• Data Redundancy & inconsistency
• Difficulty in accessing data
• Data isolation
• Integrity problem
• Atomicity problem
• Concurrent access anomalies
• Security problems
Advantages of DBMS
• No redundant data
• Data Sharing
• Data Consistency and Integrity
• Physical Independence (multiple data views)
• Data Security
• Privacy.
• Easy access to data
• Backup and recovery
• Concurrent execution without anamolies
Disadvantages Of DBMS
• High Cost: Implementing a DBMS can be expensive due to the cost of licensing, hardware,
and maintenance. This cost can be particularly significant for smaller organizations.
• Complexity: DBMS is a complex software that requires a significant amount of technical
expertise to install, configure, and maintain. This complexity can lead to increased
maintenance costs and technical difficulties.
• System Overhead: DBMS requires system resources such as memory, CPU, and disk space,
which can lead to system overhead and reduced system performance.
• Data Dependency: DBMS stores data in a particular format, which can create data
dependency issues. If the format changes, it can affect the application that uses the data,
leading to additional maintenance and development costs.
• Single Point of Failure: DBMS represents a single point of failure for an organization's
data. If the DBMS fails, it can lead to significant data loss and downtime, which can have a
severe impact on the business.
Characteristics of Database

Insulation between
Provides security and Self-describing nature Support of multiple
programs and data
removes redundancy of a database system views of the data
abstraction

It follows the ACID

Control of data Enforcement of Restriction of concept ( Atomicity,
redundancy integrity constraints unauthorized access Consistency, Isolation,
and Durability).

DBMS supports multi-

user environment that
allows users to access
and manipulate data in
parallel.
Instances and schema

Instance: Schema:
An instance of a database refers to the actual A schema in a database defines the logical
data that is stored in the database at a particular structure of the entire database. It's like a
moment in time. blueprint that outlines how the data is
It is a snapshot of the data contained within the organized, what tables exist, what columns they
database. have, and how they relate to each other.
For example, if you have a database that stores Schemas are essential for maintaining
information about students, an instance of the consistency and integrity in data storage and
database would include all the current records manipulation.
of students, their names, IDs, grades, etc. For example, the schema of a student database
might define a "Students" table with columns
like "StudentID," "Name," "Age," and
"Department," along with relationships to other
tables like "Courses" and "Grades."
Data Abstraction
Three-Schema Architecture
Defines DBMS schemas at three levels:
–Internal schema at the internal level to
describe physical storage structures and
access path.
–Conceptual schema at the conceptual level
to describe the structure and constraints for
the whole database for a community of users.
–External schemas at the external level to
describe the various user views.
Data Independence
• Physical data independence
• Logical data independence
Database users
• Database Administrator (DBA)
• Duties of DBA: Schema definition, storage structure and access method definition, schema & physical
organization modification, granting of authorization for data access, Integrity constraints specifications,
Security & authorization, Data availability, crash recovery
• Naive / Parametric End Users
• System Analyst
• Sophisticated Users
• Database Designers
• Application Programmers
• Casual Users / Temporary Users
• Specialized users: Specialized users are sophisticated users who write specialized database application that does
not fit into the traditional data-processing framework. Among these applications are computer aided-
design systems, knowledge-base and expert systems etc.
Database
system
architectu
re