Embedded/

microcontroller
programming (Based
on Arduino)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Introducing arduino
Identifying the pins and their function
of arduino
Writing a code for arduino
CONTENT
Introduction to Arduino
 What is arduino
 Types of arduino

Arduino hardware
Arduino project examples
Arduino development environment
Arduino programming
 Program elements: data types, structures,
modifiers statements, loops and pointers
with examples
1. INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 What is Arduino?
 Arduino is an open source programmable
circuit board that can be integrated into a
wide variety of projects both simple and
complex.
 This board contains a microcontroller which
is able to be programmed to sense and
control objects in the physical world.
 By responding to sensors and inputs, the
Arduino is able to interact with a large array of
outputs such as LEDs, motors and
displays.
 Because of it’s flexibility and low cost,
Arduino has become a very popular choice for
students/teachers and project developers.
INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 What is Arduino? (cont.)
 Arduino was introduced back in 2005 in Italy
by Massimo Banzi as a way for non-
engineers to have access to a low cost,
simple tool for creating hardware projects.
 Since the board is open-source, it is released
under a Creative Commons license which
allows anyone to produce their own board.
 If you search the web, you will find there are
hundreds of Arduino compatible clones and
variations available but the only official boards
have Arduino in its name.
INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 Types of Arduino Boards
 Arduino is a great platform for prototyping
projects and inventions but can be
confusing when having to choose the right
board.
 If you’re brand new to this, you might have
always thought that there was just one
“Arduino” board and that’s it.
 In reality, there are many variations of the
official Arduino boards and then there are
hundreds more from competitors who
offer clones.
 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 Typesof Arduino Boards (cont.)
In the next slide are a few examples of
the different types of Arduino boards out
there.
The boards with the name Arduino on
them are the official boards but there are
also a lot of really great clones on the
market as well.
One of the best reasons to buy a clone
is the fact they are generally less
expensive than their official counterpart
but still have the same quality of the
originals.
 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 Types of Arduino Boards (cont.)
A factor to consider when choosing a board is the
type of project you are looking to do.
 For example, if you want to create a wearable
electronic project, you might want to consider
the LilyPad board from Sparkfun.
 The LilyPad is designed to be easily sewn into
e-textiles and wearable projects.
 If your project has a small form factor, you
might want to use the Arduino Pro Mini which
has a very small footprint compared to other
boards.
 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 Types of Arduino Boards (cont.)
2. ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Arduino Uno
 One of the most popular Arduino boards
out there is the Arduino Uno.
 While it was not actually the first board to be
released, it remains to be the most actively
used and most widely documented on
the market.
 Because of its extreme popularity, the
Arduino Uno has a ton of project tutorials
and forums around the web that can help
you get started or out of a jam.
 There are big fans of the Uno because of its
great features and ease of use.
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Basic features of the hardware of Arduino
Uno
LED connected to
Port 13
ARDUINO HARDWARE
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Here are the components that make up an
Arduino board and what each of their
functions are
1. Reset Button – This will restart any code that is
loaded to the Arduino board
2. AREF – Stands for “Analog Reference” and is used
to set an external reference voltage
3. Ground Pin – There are a few ground pins on the
Arduino and they all work the same
4. Digital Input/Output – Pins 0-13 can be used
for digital input or output
5. PWM – The pins marked with the (~) symbol can
simulate analog output
6. USB Connection – Used for powering up your
Arduino and uploading sketches
7. TX/RX – Transmit and receive data indication
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Here are the components that make up an
Arduino board and what each of their
functions are: (cont.)
8. ATmega Microcontroller – This is the brains and
is where the programs are stored
9. Power LED Indicator – This LED lights up anytime
the board is plugged in a power source
10.Voltage Regulator – This controls the amount of
voltage going into the Arduino board
11.DC Power Barrel Jack – This is used for powering
your Arduino with a power supply
12.3.3V Pin – This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to
your projects
13.5V Pin – This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your
projects
14.Ground Pins – There are a few ground pins on the
Arduino and they all work the same
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Arduino Breadboard
 Another very important item when working
with Arduino is a solderless breadboard.
 This device allows you to prototype your
Arduino project without having to
permanently solder the circuit together.
 Using a breadboard allows you to create
temporary prototypes and experiment with
different circuit designs.
 Inside the holes (tie points) of the plastic
housing, are metal clips which are connected
to each other by strips of conductive material.
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Arduino Breadboard
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Jumper wires
 The breadboard is not powered on its own and
needs power bring to it from the Arduino board
using jumper wires.
 These wires are also used to form the circuit by
connecting resistors, switches and other components
together.
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Components needed to construct Arduino based
projects
 ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Arduino Sensors
 If you want your Arduino to sense the world around it, you
will need to add a sensor. There are a wide range of
sensors to choose from and they each have a specific
purpose. Below you will find some of the commonly used
sensors in projects.
 Distance Ranging Sensor

 PIR Motion Sensor

 Light Sensor

 Degree of Flex Sensor

 Pressure Sensor

 Proximity Sensor

 Acceleration Sensor

 Sound Detecting Sensor

 RGB and Gesture Sensor

 Humidity and Temperature Sensor

 ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Tools required- the most common tools you will
need when working with Arduino projects
 Needle-nose
Pliers
 Wire Strippers
 Precision
Screwdriver
Set
 Flush Cutters
 Fine Tip
Straight
Tweezers
 Digital
Multimeter
 Soldering Iron
 Panavise Jr
 ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Arduino Shields-
 If you want to add a very specific
functionality to your Arduino, you will need to
use a shield.
 Arduino shields plug into the top of the Arduino
board and can add capabilities such as
 WiFi Shield

 LCD Shield

 GPS Logger Shield

 MP3 Music Maker Shield

 Ethernet Shield

 Motor/Stepper/Servo Shield and much

more.
 There are literally hundreds of shields to choose
 ARDUINO HARDWARE
 Arduino Shields- GPS Shield Plugged into
Arduino Uno
ARDUINO HARDWARE
 An arduino circuit example
 Here is a visual of what a completed Arduino circuit
looks like when connected to a breadboard.
3. ARDUINO PROJECTS (EXAMPLES)
 You may be wondering what an Arduino
board can do besides blink an LED.
 In the slides followed some example

projects which help to showcase how truly

amazing this board is and the capabilities
of it.
ARDUINO PROJECTS (EXAMPLES)
 Arduino Light Following Robot
ARDUINO PROJECTS (EXAMPLES)
 Arduino Drone
ARDUINO PROJECTS (EXAMPLES)
 LED Cube
ARDUINO PROJECTS (EXAMPLES)
 Control A Door-lock Using Arduino and Bluetooth
4. ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
 Software requirement to build an arduino
based project
ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT(CONT.)
 Arduino Software Editor Window
ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT (CONT.)
 Blinking LED Example
ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT (CONT.)
 Blinking LED Example

void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT (CONT.….)
 Preference- used to set your preferences
ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT (CONT.….)
 Serial monitor -
used
 when debugging
Arduino programs
or
 to show data or

values from
program.
void setup()
{  To use it Arduino
should be connected
Serial.begin(9600);
} to PC
void loop()
{
Serial.println("Hello,
world!");
delay(1000);
}
3. ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
 All
Arduino programs must follow the following
main structure:
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
(CONT.….)
 pinMode() and
digitalWrite() codes:
 pinMode()- Configures
the specified pin to
behave either as an
input or an output
 Syntax

 pinMode(pin, mode)
 digitalWrite ()- Write
a HIGH or a LOW value
to a digital pin.
 Syntax

 digitalWrite(pin,

value)
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Program with comment
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Program with comment (cont.)
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Using serial monitor
 Open the ”Serial Monitor” in order to see the

output

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println("Hello, world!");
delay(1000);
}
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Using serial monitor
 Serial.begin(9600)
 Starts serial communication, so that the Arduino can

send out commands through the USB connection.

 The value 9600 is called the 'baud rate' of the

connection.
 This is how fast the data is to be sent. You can

change this to a higher value, but you will also

have to change the Arduio Serial monitor to the
same value.
 Serial.print()

 Prints data to the serial port as human-readable

ASCII text.
 This command can take many forms.

 Syntax

 Serial.print(val)

 Serial.print(val, format)
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Using serial monitor
 Serial.println()
 Prints data to the serial port as human-readable

ASCII text followed by a carriage return character

(ASCII 13, or '\r') and a newline character (ASCII 10,
or '\n').
 This command takes the same forms as Serial.print().

 Syntax

• Serial.println(val)
 val- the value to print. Allowed data types: any data
type.
• Serial.println(val, format)
 format: specifies the number base (for integral data
types) or number of decimal places (for floating point
types).
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Using serial monitor
int z;int a;int b;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
a = random(100);
b = random(100);
z = calculate(a,b); //Adding 2 Numbers
//Write Values to Serial Monitor
Serial.print(a);
Serial.print(" + ");
Serial.print(b);
Serial.print(" = ");
Serial.println(z);
delay(1000);
}
float calculate(int x, int y)
{
return (x + y);
}
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Creating and using functions
int z;int a;int b;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);

}
void loop()
{
a = 2;
b = 3;
z = calculate(a,b); //using a function
Serial.println(z);
}
float calculate(int x, int y) //creating a
function
{
return (x + y);
}
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Example: creating and using functions
 Create a function that calculates the area of a

circle with a given radius.

 Write the result to the Serial Monitor.
 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Example: solution
void setup()
{
float area;
Serial.begin(9600);// calculate the area of a circle with radius of 9.2
float r=9.2;
area = CircleArea(r);
Serial.print("Area of circle is: "); // print area to 4 decimal places
Serial.println(area, 4);
}
void loop()
{
}
float CircleArea(float radius) // calculate the area of a circle
{
float result;
const float pi = 3.14;
result = pi * radius * radius;
return result;
}
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 For-Loop
 provides a mechanism to repeat a section of code
depending on the value of a variable
 It can be used in the standard Arduino setup(), and

loop() functions, and within your own functions.

 in using for-loop

 set the initial value of the variable,

 the condition to exit the loop (testing the variable), and

 the action on the variable each time around the loop.

 These three elements are parameters to the for

loop and are separated by semicolons:
for ( <initialiser code> ; <condition test expression> ;
<iterator expression> )
{
<body code>
}
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Example: For-Loop
 In this program we use a for-Loop to find the

Sum of 100 Random Numbers.

 Then we find the Average.

 The Sum and Average should be written to

the Serial Monitor.

ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Example: Solution
int x; int sum = 0; float gjennomsnitt = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<100; i++)
{
x = random(100);
sum = sum + x;
}
average = sum / 100;
Serial.print(" Sum = ");
Serial.print(sum);
Serial.print(" ,
Average = ");
Serial.println(average);
delay(1000);
}
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Array
 An array is a
collection of
variables that are
accessed with an
index number.
 It is a consecutive

group of memory
locations that are
of the same type.
 To refer to a
particular location
or element in the
array, we specify
the name of the
array and the
position number of
the particular
element in the
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING (CONT.….)
 Example: Here we shall use arrays in the
Arduino program. open the Serial Monitor to
see the result
sum =
const int arraysize = 100;
calculateSum(myarray);
int x;
average = sum / 100;
int sum = 0;
Serial.print(" Sum = ");
float average = 0;
Serial.print(sum);
int myarray[arraysize];
Serial.print(" , Average =
void setup()
");
{
Serial.println(average);
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(1000);
}
}
void loop()
int calculateSum (int
{
sumarray[])
sum = 0;
{
for (int i = 0; i <
for (int i = 0; i <
arraysize; i++)
arraysize; i++)
{
{
x = random(200);
sum = sum + sumarray[i];
myarray[i] = x;
}
}
return sum;
}