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Intro

this is the introduction to digital image processing as a subject. you can look at the overview, what you will be learning throughout the course. best of luck

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abhishek20sep2002
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19 views

Intro

this is the introduction to digital image processing as a subject. you can look at the overview, what you will be learning throughout the course. best of luck

Uploaded by

abhishek20sep2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Digital Image Processing

an introduction

Dr. Priti Sehgal


Data as signal
Each of the types of data are signals.
Loosely defined, a signal is a function that
conveys information.
As long as people have tried to send or
receive through electronic media there has
been the realization that these signals may
be affected by the system used to acquire,
transmit, or process them.
Sometimes, these systems are imperfect
and introduce noise, distortion, or other
artifacts.
Signal Processing
Deals with the effects the transmitting
systems have and finding ways to correct
them.
Signal may contain the information content
which may be later extracted.
Signals can be encoding of natural
phenomenon or can be created from
scratch.
Finally any signal may be acquired ,
processed and transmitted.
Why do we process images?

Facilitate picture storage and transmission


Efficiently store an image in a digital camera
Send an image from Mars to Earth
Prepare for display or printing
Adjust image size
Halftoning
Enhance and restore images
Remove scratches from an old movie
Improve visibility of tumor in a radiograph
Extract information from images
Read the ZIP code on a letter
Measure water pollution from aerial images
What is image Processing

Image processing is a subclass of


signal processing concerned
specifically with pictures.
Improve image quality for human
perception and/or processing of
image data for tasks such as storage,
transmission, and extraction of pictorial
information.
Digital Image Processing
An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f
(x, y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the
intensity or gray level of the image at that point.
When x, y, and the intensity values of f are all finite, discrete
quantities, we call the image a digital image.
The field of digital image processing refers to processing
digital images by means of a digital computer.
A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements,
each of which has a particular location and value. These
elements are called picture elements, image elements, pels,
and pixels.
Related fields

Image Analysis
• Image processing involves changing images, usually in ways
that will help interpretation later
• Image analysis involves converting images into measurements
• When image analysis is our goal, we almost always need image
processing to get there

Computer vision
A field of AI that enables computers and systems to derive
meaningful information from digital images, videos and other
visual inputs — and take actions or make recommendations
based on that information .
Three types of computerized
processes
Low level : involve primitive operations such as image
preprocessing. Here both its inputs and outputs are images
Med level : involves tasks such as segmentation,
description of those objects and classification. Here, inputs
generally are images, but its outputs are attributes extracted
from those images (e.g., edges, contours, and the identity
of individual objects)
High level : involves “making sense” of an ensemble of
recognized objects, as in image analysis, and, performing
the cognitive functions normally associated with human
vision.
History of Digital Image
Processing
The history of digital image processing
is intimately tied to the development of
the digital computer. In fact, digital
images require so much storage and
computational power that progress in
the field of digital image processing has
been dependent on the development of
digital computers and of supporting
technologies that include data storage,
display, and transmission.
Major Application areas
Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
Processing of image data for storage, transmission,
and representation for autonomous machine perception
One of the simplest ways to develop a basic
understanding of the extent of image processing
applications is to categorize images according to their
source (e.g., X-ray, visual, infrared, and so on).The
principal energy source for images in use today is the
electromagnetic energy spectrum. Other important
sources of energy include acoustic, ultrasonic, and
electronic (in the form of electron beams used in
electron microscopy). Synthetic images, used for
modeling and visualization, are generated by computer.
Fields using DIP are categorized by
image sources
Radiation from the Electromagnetic
spectrum
Acoustic (geological applications, oil
exploration)
Ultrasonic
Electronic (in the form of electron beams
used in electron microscopy)
Computer (synthetic images used for
modeling
and visualization)
Radiation from electromagnetic
spectrum
Electromagnetic waves can be conceptualized as propagating
sinusoidal waves of varying wavelengths, or they can be thought of as a
stream of massless particles, each traveling in a wavelike pattern and
moving at the speed of light. Each massless particle contains a certain
amount (or bundle) of energy. Each bundle of energy is called a photon.
If spectral bands are grouped according to energy per photon , we
option energy spectrum.
Gamma Ray Imaging
In nuclear medicine
Gamma-ray imaging attempts to capture
the distribution of radioactive decays within
a body or from a distant source by
detecting the emitted gamma rays.
requires the introduction of a radioactive
source into the body through injection,
inhalation, or oral administration, which
emits gamma rays as it decays. These are
then collected by gamma ray detectors.
Gamma Ray Imaging
X-ray imaging
Used in medical diagnostics, in industries,
astronomy
Generated using X-ray tube with Cathode
and anode. Energy is released when
electrons from cathode strike the nucleus.
The procedure in which X-rays are used to
produce a digitized computer image
(tomograph) based on densities within the
object that is being CT scanned.
Angiography – An application

To obtain images of blood vessels


Catheter is inserted into artery. It is
guided to the area of study
X-ray contrast medium is injected thru
catheter. This enhances contrast of
blood vessels.
X-Ray Imaging
Imaging in ultra violet band
Applications include industrial inspection,
microscopy, lasers, biological imaging and
astronomical observations.
Ultraviolet (UV) light interacts with materials in
a unique way, enabling features and
characteristics to be observed that are difficult
to detect by other methods. It tends to be
strongly absorbed by many materials, making
it possible to visualize the surface topology of
many optically transparent or translucent
objectswithout the light penetrating into the
interior.
Used in flourescence microscopy
Imaging in ultraviolet light

Normal Corn Infected corn with Smut


Imaging in visible and infrared
bands
Applications in light microscopy, astronomy,
remote sensing, industry and law
enforcement(License plate and other
applications of character recognition are
used extensively for traffic monitoring and
surveillance)
Multispectral images : images captured in
various bands. The images captured in a
particular band helps in capturing certain
features from an image. (Weather
observation and prediction)
infrared imaging to detect heat
leaks in buildings, identify hot
spots in electrical systems and
locate people and animals in low-
light or even no-light conditions.
Imaging in visible and infrared
bands

Light Microscopy
Anti cancer agent
Imaging in microwave band
Radar : uses antenna and digital
computer processing to record its
images. It has the ability to collect any
data in any weather conditions
It can be used to explore inaccessible
regions of earth surface

Mountainous region
Imaging in Radio band

Applications in medical and


astronomy
MRI : magnetic resonance imaging
Other Imaging modalities

Acoustic Imaging, Electron


Microscopy and synthetic(computer –
generated) imaging
Acoustic Imaging

Imaging using sound : finds


application in geological exploration,
industry and medicine.
Ultrasound Imaging
Electron Microscopy

They use focused beam of electrons


instead of light to image a specimen
Different types: Transmission
Electron Microcope(TEM), Scanning
Electron Microscope(SEM)
High Magnification
Computer Generated Images

Fractals
Images generated using 3D models
Fundamental steps in Digital Image
processing
Image Acquisition : Capturing the image by sensor
and converting into digital form
Image Enhancement (i.e noise removal)
Image Restoration (changing appearance)
Color Image Processing
Wavelets (in various degrees of resolution)
Compression
Morphological processing (extracting components)
Segmentation
Representation and description
Object recognition
Components of an Image
processing system
Image Processing Examples

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