Sir Isaac Newton?


 English
INFLUENCED FIELDS
He
 Natural
Physicist
formulate
Philosophy
and
d the
 Mathematics

Mathematic
 Astronomy

Three
ian. 1642 -
Alchemy
LAWS
1727 OF
 Christian

Theology

MOTION
 INVESTIGATING INERTIA
 Coin Drop
Q9. What happens when you
slowly pulled the cardboard?
Explain.
Q10. What happens when you
flicked the cardboard? Explain.
 Stack of Coins
Q11. What happens when you hit the
coin at the bottom? Why is this
1 Law
st

 Inertia is the
tendency of an
object to resist
changes in its
velocity:
whether in
motion or
These pumpkins will not move unless acted on
motionless. by an unbalanced force.
1 Lawst

 Once
airborne,
unless acted
on by an
unbalanced
force (gravity
and air – fluid
friction), it
would never
1 Law
st

 Unless acted
upon by an
unbalanced
force, this
golf ball
would sit on
the tee
forever.
 Why then, do we
observe every day objects
in motion slowing down
and becoming motionless
seemingly without an
outside force?
It’s a force we sometimes cannot
see – friction.
 Objects on earth, unlike
the frictionless space the
moon travels through, are
under the influence of
friction.
 What is this unbalanced force that acts on an
object in motion?

 There are four main types of friction:

 Sliding friction: ice skating
 Rolling friction: bowling
 Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water
resistance
 Static friction: initial friction when moving
an object
 Slide a book
across a table and
watch it slide to a
rest position. The
book comes to a
rest because of the
presence of a force
- that force being
the force of friction
- which brings the
book to a rest
position.
 In the absence of a force of friction, the
book would continue in motion with the
same speed and direction - forever! (Or
at least to the end of the table top.)
Newtons’s 1st Law and You

Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in
their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by
the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
2nd Law
2nd Law

The net force of an

object is equal to the
product of its mass and
acceleration, or F=ma.
2nd Law

 When mass is in kilograms and

acceleration is in m/s/s, the unit of force
is in newtons (N).
 One newton is equal to the force
required to accelerate one kilogram of
mass at one meter/second/second.
2nd Law (F = m x a)
 How much force is needed to accelerate
a 1400 kilogram car 2 meters per
second/per second?
 Write the formula
 F=mxa
 Fill in given numbers and units
 F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per
second/second
 Solve for the unknown
 2800 kg-meters/second/second or
2800 N
If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains
constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but
with different forces.

• We know that
objects with
different masses
accelerate to the
ground at the same
rate.
• However, because
of the 2nd Law we
know that they
don’t hit the
F = ma F = ma
ground with the
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8
same force. m/s/s
Check Your Understanding

 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force

applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object?

 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate

of 5 m/s2. Determine the mass.

 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1

m/sec/sec?

 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling

freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?
Check Your Understanding

 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg

object?
12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s

 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2.

Determine the mass.
16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s

 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?

66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N

 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8

m/sec/sec?

 9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N

 Free Fall

 Gravity acts on all objects on the earth’s

surface and causes them to accelerate
when released. This acceleration, known
as the acceleration due to gravity g, is
the same for all objects on earth and is
equal 9.8 m/s2. This means that when
objects fall, their velocities increase by
9.8 m/s every 1 second.
 Free Fall Initial speed = 25m/s
0

On a freely
1s 34.8m/s
9.8m/s
falling body,
9.8m/s is added
to the velocity of
the ball in each 2s 44.6m/s
19.6m/s

second

3s 54.4m/s
29.4m/s
Circular Motion
 Try to whirl an object tied to a string
horizontally above your head. Then
observe what happens if you release the
object. How does it travel after release?
3 Law
rd

For every action, there is



an equal and opposite

reaction.
3 Law
rd

According to
Newton, whenever
objects A and B
interact with each
other, they exert
forces upon each
other. When you sit
in your chair, your
body exerts a
downward force on
the chair and the
chair exerts an
3 Law
rd

There are two

forces resulting
from this
interaction - a force
on the chair and a
force on your body.
These two forces
are called action
and reaction
forces.
 Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature
 Consider the propulsion of
a fish through the water. A
fish uses its fins to push
water backwards. In turn,
the water reacts by
pushing the fish forwards,
propelling the fish through
the water.
 The size of the force on
the water equals the size
of the force on the fish;
the direction of the force
on the water (backwards)
is opposite the direction of
the force on the fish
(forwards).
3rd Law

Flying gracefully
through the air,
birds depend on
Newton’s third
law of motion. As
the birds push
down on the air
with their wings,
the air pushes
their wings up
 Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird
flies by use of its wings. The wings of a
bird push air downwards. In turn, the air
reacts by pushing the bird upwards.
 The size of the force on the air equals the
size of the force on the bird; the direction
of the force on the air (downwards) is
opposite the direction of the force on the
bird (upwards).
 Action-reaction force pairs make it
possible for birds to fly.
Other examples of Newton’s Third
Law
 The baseball forces
the bat to the left
(an action); the bat
forces the ball to
the right (the
reaction).
3 Law
rd

 Consider the
motion of a car on
the way to school.
A car is equipped
with wheels which
spin backwards. As
the wheels spin
backwards, they
grip the road and
push the road
backwards.
3rd Law
The reaction of a rocket
is an application of the
third law of motion.
Various fuels are burned
in the engine, producing
hot gases.
The hot gases push
against the inside tube of
the rocket and escape out
the bottom of the tube.
As the gases move
downward, the rocket
moves in the opposite
direction.