CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PREPARED BY
ROHIT BHATT
TGT(MATH'S, SCIENCE)
 SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT CARBON
 Carbon is an element, belong to non-metal and its symbol is ”C”
 The name of the ‘Carbon’ derived from the Latin word “Carbo’ which
means coal. This is because carbon is the main constituent of coal.
 It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe
 H He O C
 PPM 739000 240000 10400 4600
 It is the 15th most abundant element in earth’s crust
 O > Si > Al > Fe> Ca > Na > K > Mg > Ti > H
 It is 2nd abundant element in the human body
 O C H N Ca P K
 65% 18% 10% 3% 1.5% 1.2% 0.2%
 Carbon is found in the atmosphere (0.03%) as Carbon dioxide.
 Inside the earth’s crust (0.02%) as Minerals (like carbonates, coal &
petroleum)
 In all living organisms as organic compounds
 Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite & fullerenes.
 Importance of carbon compounds
 Foods - starch, sugar, fats, vitamins, proteins

 Fuels - wood, coal, alcohol, petrol

 Poisons - opium, strychnine

 Drugs and disinfectants - penicillin, quinine, aspirin, sulpha drugs

 Household and commercial articles -paper, soap, cosmetics, oils, paints

 Textile fabrics - cotton, wool, silk, linen, rayon, nylon

 Perfumes - vanillin, camphor

 Dyes - indigo, congo red, malachite green

 War gases - mustard gas, chloropicrin, lewisite

 Explosives - nitroglycerine, dynamite, picric acid, TNT

 Organic Chemistry
 Study of Carbon Compounds
 The word organic means ‘Living origin’

It was believed that carbon compounds can be prepared

by living things only.

This theory is known as Vital Force Theory

In 1828 Friedrich Wohler blown up this theory by

preparing Urea(purely organic) by heating Ammonium
Cyanate NH4CNO (purely inorganic)
 Why study of Carbon Compounds is
a separate branch of Chemistry?
It is due to the vastness in the number of
Carbon Compounds

Carbon with other elements such as H,N,O,F Cl,Br,I,S…

forms more than 5 million compounds

The other elements altogether forms about 70,000

compounds only
 Reason for the wastness in number of
carbon compounds

1. Bonding in carbon compounds

Carbon is tetravalent meaning, It has a four valence electrons, allowing it to form four
stable covalent bonds with other atoms, creating a vast array of complex organic
molecules and structures.

2. Catenation
The property of carbon of self bonding. The ability of one carbon atom to combine with
many other carbon atom to form long chain producer, large number of carbon
compound.

3. Isomerism
Carbon exhibit isomerism, where compounds with identical molecular formulas have
distinct structures, resulting in different physical and chemical properties, demonstrating
carbon’s versatility in forming diverse organic molecules.
 Bonding in carbon compounds-Covalent
bonding
• The atomic number of carbon is 6, Its
electronic arrangement is 2,4 or (K2 L4).

• It has 4 valence electrons.

• It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons or loosing 4
electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms.
• But …
• It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6
protons to hold 10 electrons.
• It does not loose 4 electrons because it need large amount of
energy to loose 4 electrons.
• Hence
• It shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability
resulting in the formation of covalent bonds.
• Since carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to attain
stability, its valence is 4 and it is tetravalent.
 Formation of Covalent Bond
• Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the
sharing of electrons between atoms.

• The Sharing of one pair electrons results in the

formation of single covalent bond.

• Sharing of Two pairs electrons results in the formation

of double covalent bond.

• And Sharing of Three pairs electrons in the formation

of triple covalent bond.
 Formation of Single Bond
• Ex : Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen molecule
H2
The atomic number of Hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement
is 1, it has 1 valence electron it need one electron more to
attain stability. So 2 hydrogen atoms share 1 pair electrons
resulting in the formation of single covalent bond in hydrogen
molecule H2.

Hx + x
H 
 Formation of Double Covalent Bond
• Ex : Formation of double covalent bond in oxygen
molecule O2
The atomic number of Oxygen is 8, its electronic
arrangement is 2,6, it has 6 valence electron it
needs two electrons more to attain stability. So 2
oxygen atoms share 2 pairs electrons resulting in
the formation of double covalent bond in oxygen
molecule O2.
 Formation of Triple Covalent Bond
• Ex : Formation of triple covalent bond in Nitrogen
molecule N2
The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7, its electronic
arrangement is 2,5, it has 5 valence electron it
needs three electrons more to attain stability. So 2
nitrogen atoms share 3 pairs of electrons resulting
in the formation of triple covalent bond in nitrogen
molecule N2.
 Carbon atom can form multiple
covalent bonds
• If sufficient number of other atoms are
not there…
– In order to satisfy the four valences carbon
form double or triple bond between two C
atoms

ETHANE ETHENE ETHYNE

 Catenation
• Carbon atom can form bonds with other carbon
atoms to form a long chains, branched chain and
closed rings. This property is called Catenation.

NORMAL BUTANE (C4H10) ISO BUTANE (C4H10)

Long chain Branched chain

CYCLOHEXANE (C6H12)
Closed ring
• Since valency of carbon is 4, it can form bonds with other
carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements like
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Halogens etc.,

Chloromethane Di Chloromethane Tri Chloromethane Tetra Chloromethane

CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4

Carbon Disulphide Carbon Dioxide Urea

CS2 CO2 CO(NH2)2
 Isomerism
• Compounds having same molecular formula but different
structures are known as Isomers and this phenomenon
is called Isomerism
Ex : Butane – C4H10 has 2 isomers. They are Normal Butane and
isobutane.

Normal butane C4H10 Isobutane C4H10

 Isomerism
• Compounds having same molecular formula but different
structures are known as Isomers and this phenomenon
is called Isomerism
Ex : Butene – C4H10 has 2 isomers. They are Normal Butane and
isobutane.

Normal butane C4H10 Isobutane C4H10

Ex : Pentane – C5H12 has 3 isomers. They are normal pentane,
isopentane and neopentane.

Normal pentane C5H12 Isopentane C5H12

Neopentane C5H12
Isomers of Hexane
 Hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds containing carbon and
hydrogen only
 Classification of Hydrocarbons
HYDROCARBON

OPEN CHAIN - CLOSED CHAIN

ALLIPHATIC

ALICYCLIC AROMATIC

SATURATED UN SATURATED

ALKANES-SINGLE ALKENES-DOUBLE ALKYNES-TRIPLE

BONDED BONDED BONDED
Saturated Hydrocarbons : A hydrocarbon in
which carbon atoms are connected by only single
bonds is called a saturated Hydrocarbons.
Saturated Hydrocarbons are also called Alkanes.
The general formula of hydrocarbons or Alkanes is
CnH2n+2 . Where n is the number carbon atoms in 1
molecule of alkane
Ex : If n = 1 ; CH4 If n = 2 ; C2H6

If n = 3 ; C3H8 If n = 4 ; C4H10 ….
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes and Alkynes) : A
hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by
a “double bond” or “triple bond” is called unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
Ex : Alkenes and Alkynes :

Alkenes : An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two

carbon atoms are connected by a “double bond” is called an
Alkene.
The general formula of an Alkene is CnH2n Where n is number
of carbon atoms in its one molecule.

If n = 2 C2H4 Ethene n = 3 C3H6 Propene

Alkynes : An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the
two carbon atoms are connected by a “triple bond”
is called an Alkyne.
The general formula of an Alkyne is CnH2n-2 Where
n is number of carbon atoms in its one molecule.

If n = 2 ; C2H2 Ethyne n = 3 ; C3H4 Propyne

.
Alkyl group: The group formed by the removal of
one hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule is
called an Alkyl group
Ex :
Methyl group (CH3-)

Ethyl group (C2H5-)

 Nomenclature of open chain Hydrocarbons

• According to International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry(IUPAC)
• The name consists of two parts
1) Indicating number of Carbon atoms-’Alk’part

2)Indicating the type of bonding-’Primary suffix’

 ‘Alk ‘ part
No. of C atoms ‘Alk’ part
1 Meth
2 eth
3 Prop
4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec
 Primary Suffix

• If all the bonds are single bond ‘ane’

• If one double bond ‘ene’

• If one triple bond ‘yne’

Thus
 Single bonded compounds have the name-
Alk+ane =Alkane
 Double bonded compounds have the name-
Alk+ene =Alkene
 Triple bonded compounds have the name-
Alk+yne =Alkyne
Example No of carbon atom=4
alk part is but

All the C-C bonds are single bond

primary suffix is ane

Therefore the name is butane

Nomenclature of compounds
containing functional group
 Homologous Series
• Homologus series is a group of carbon compounds having
similar structure, similar chemical properties and whose
successive members is differ by a –CH2 group

Homologous Series of
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
CH4 C2H4 C2H2
C2H6 C3H6 C3H4
C3H8 C4H8 C4H6
C4H10 C5H10 C5H8
 Homologous Series of

Aldehydes Alcohols Carboxylic acids

HCHO CH3OH CH3COOH

CH3CHO C2H5OH C2H5COOH
C2H5CHO C3H7OH C3H7COOH
C3H7CHO C4H9OH C4H9COOH
 ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
• “The various physical forms in which an element
can exist are called allotropes of the elements”.

• The carbon element exist in three solid forms called allotropes. They are

1) Diamond 2) Graphite 3) Buckminster fullerene

• Diamond & graphite are two common allotropes of carbon which are known
to us for centuries, Buckminster fullerene is the new allotrope of carbon
which has been discovered recently

• The properties of diamond & graphite are well known but the properties of
Buckminster fullerene are still being investigated.

• All the allotropes of carbon burns on strong heating to form carbon dioxide,
and the formed carbon dioxide gas if it pass through lime water. It turns to
DIAMOND
• Diamond is a colourless transparent substance

having extraordinary brilliance.

• Diamond is quite heavy and extremely hard

• It is the hardest natural substance known in the

nature
 STRUCTURE OF DIAMOND

• Each carbon atom in the diamond

crystal is linked to four other carbon
atoms by strong covalent bonds, the
four surrounding Carbon atoms are at
the four corners of a regular tetra
hedron and which are powerfully
bonded to one another forms a
network of covalent bonds, due to
this diamond structure is very rigid.
This rigid structure make it very hard,
and also responsible for High density
and melting point.
• Diamond is a non conductor of electricity

• Carbon atom has 4 valence electron in it. In a diamond crystal, each carbon
atom is linked to 4 other carbon atoms by covalent bonds, and hence all the
4 valence electrons of each carbon atom are used up in forming the bonds.
Since there are “ no free electrons” in a diamond crystal, it does not
conduct electricity.
• Diamonds can be made artificially by subjecting pure carbon to very high
pressure & temperature. These are called synthetic diamonds.
• synthetic diamonds are small but are otherwise indistinguishable from
natural diamonds.

USES OF DIAMONDS:
• In glass cutter
• For making Jewellery
• A sharp, diamond edged knife (called keratoma) is used by eye
surgeons to remove cataract from eye.
GRAPHITE
The structure of graphite is very
different from that of diamond. A
graphite crystal consists of layers of
Carbon atoms.

GRAPHITE STRUCTURE
• Each carbon atoms in a graphite layer is joined to three other carbon atoms by strong
covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal rings structure called ”Array”. The various layers
of carbon atoms in graphite are quite far apart so that no covalent bonds can exist
between them. The various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak
Vander waals forces. Since the various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are joined by
weak forces. They can slide over one another.
• Due to the sheet like structure graphite is a comparatively soft substance. It is the
softness of graphite which makes it useful as a dry lubricant for machine parts.

• Graphite is a good conductor of electricity it is because in a graphite crystal. Each carbon

atoms is joined to only three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds, Thus only the three
valence electrons of each carbon atoms in graphite are used in bond formation. The
fourth valence electron of each carbon atom is “free” to move
USES OF GRAPHITE

• Due to its softness used as lubricants both dry and wet forms

• Graphite is good conductor of electricity due to which graphite

is used for making carbon or graphite electrode in dry cells &
electric arcs.

• Graphite is used in making pencil leads.

 BUCK MINSTER FULLERENE
Buckminster fullerene is an allotrope
of carbon containing clusters of 60
carbon atoms joined together to
form spherical molecules

• It is a dark solid at room temperature

• It differs from the other two allotropes of carbon, diamond &
graphite are giant molecules which consists of an unending
network of carbon atoms but buckminsterfullerene is very small
molecule made up of only 60 carbon atoms.
• Diamond is extremely hard where as graphite is soft. On the
other hand, buckminsterfullerene is neither very hard nor soft.
• Other properties of buckminsterfullerene are still being
investigated.
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

• Combustion-Burning in oxygen
• Gives oxides
• Exothermic-produces heat and also light
• Saturated compounds give a clean flame while
unsaturated compounds give sooty flame
 Oxidation
• Oxidation –Addition of oxygen
Example
 Addition Reactions
• A molecule add to another molecule by breaking
of bonds
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon add hydrogen in
presence of catalyst such as Palladium or Nickel

• This reaction is used in the hydrogenation of

vegetable oils
 Substitution reactions
• An atom or a group replaces another atom or
group in a compound
 ETHANOL-CH3CH2OH
• Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature
• It is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks
• It is a good solvent-therefore it is used in
medicines such as Tincture of Iodine , Cough
syrups , Tonic…
 Reactions
• With sodium-

• Reaction to give unsaturated Hydrocarbon-

with conc. H2SO4 at 443K
– Involve removal of water and is called Dehydration
 Ethanoic acid -CH3COOH
• Commonly known as Acetic acid
• 5-10%solution of acetic acid is called Vinegar
• Vinegar is a preservative for pickles
• Its melting point is 290K
– It freezes in cold climate-therefore known as
Glacial acetic acid
• It is a weak acid
 Reactions
• Esterification –Reaction with Alcohols
– Esters which are fruit smelling substances are
formed
Reaction with a base
Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates
 SOAPS
• Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty
acids
Arrangement of stearate ion at low concn Arrangement of stearate ion above CMC
 Cleansing Action of Soap
• Oil and grease are absorbed into the
hydrophobic centers of soap micelles and are
washed away.
Thank
You