unit-1

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING
SYSTEM (OS)

UNIT-1
 unit-1

Lecture Contents-
• What is an OS.
• What are its key functions.
• The evaluation of OS.
• What are the popular types of OS.
•
 unit-1

What is an Operating System?

• Computer System = Hardware + Software
• Software = Application Software + System Software(OS)
• An Operating System is a system Software that acts as an
intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
 unit-1

The Structure of Computer Systems

 Accessing computer resources is divided into layers.
 Each layer is isolated and only interacts directly with the layer below or
above it.
 If we install a new hardware device
 No need to change anything about the user/applications.
 However, you do need to make changes to the operating system.
 You need to install the device drivers that the operating system will use
to control the new device.
 If we install a new software application
 No need to make any changes to your hardware.
 But we need to make sure the application is supported by the operating
system
 user will need to learn how to use the new application.
 If we change the operating system
 Need to make sure that both applications and hardware will compatible
with the new operating system.
 unit-1

Operating System Mode

 The User Mode is concerned with the actual
interface between the user and the system.
 It controls things like running applications
and accessing files.

 The Kernel Mode is concerned with everything

running in the background.
 It controls things like accessing system
resources, controlling hardware functions and
processing program instructions.
unit-1
 unit-1

Kernel
 Kernel is a software code that reside in central core of OS. It has complete
control over system.
 When operation system boots, kernel is first part of OS to load in main
memory.
 Kernel remains in main memory for entire duration of computer session.
The kernel code is usually loaded in to protected area of memory.
 Kernel performs it’s task like executing processes and handling interrupts in
kernel space.
 User performs it’s task in user area of memory.
 This memory separation is made in order to prevent user data and kernel
data from interfering with each other.
 Kernel does not interact directly with user, but it interacts using SHELL and
other programs and hardware.
 unit-1

Kernel cont…
 Kernel includes:-
1. Scheduler: It allocates the Kernel’s processing time to various
processes.
2. Supervisor: It grants permission to use computer system
resources to each process.
3. Interrupt handler : It handles all requests from the various
hardware devices which compete for kernel services.
4. Memory manager : allocates space in memory for all users of
kernel service.
 kernel provides services for process management, file management,
I/O management, memory management.
 System calls are used to provide these type of services.
 unit-1

System Call
System call is the programmatic way in which a computer
program/user application requests a service from the kernel of the
operating system on which it is executed.
Application program is just a user-process. Due to security reasons ,
user applications are not given access to privileged resources(the
ones controlled by OS).
When they need to do any I/O or have some more memory or
spawn a process or wait for signal/interrupt, it requests operating
system to facilitate all these. This request is made through System
Call.
System calls are also called software-interrupts.
 unit-1

Starting an Operating
System(Booting)

• BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses

to start the computer system after it is powered on. It also manages data flow
between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard
disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
 unit-1

Functions of Operating System

 unit-1

1. Process Management
• A process is a program in execution.

• A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices
to accomplish its task.
• Simultaneous execution leads to multiple processes. Hence creation, execution and
termination of a process are the most basic functionality of an OS
• If processes are dependent, then they may try to share same resources, thus task of
process synchronization comes to the picture.
• Based on priority, it is important to allow more important processes to execute first than
others.
 unit-1

2. Memory management
• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.
• It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections
with memory management:

 Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.
 Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.
 Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
 unit-1

3. File Management
• A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.

• File
systems provide the conventions for the encoding, storage and
management of data on a storage device such as a hard disk.

• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file
management:
✦ File creation and deletion.
✦ Directory creation and deletion.
✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
 unit-1

4. Device Management or I/O Management

• Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or on expansion cards) that act as an interface

between the CPU and the actual device.

• Device drivers, which are the operating system software components that interact with the devices

controllers.
• A special device (inside CPU) called the Interrupt Controller handles the task of receiving interrupt requests

and prioritizes them to be forwarded to the processor.

.
 unit-1

5. Security & Protection

• The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and

similar other techniques.

• It also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data by assigning

access right permission to files and directories.

 unit-1

6. User Interface Mechanism

• A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and
instructions and how information is displayed on the screen.

• There are two types of user interfaces

1. Command Line Interface
2. Graphical user Interface
 unit-1

1. Command-line interface
• In a command-line interface, a user types commands
represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses
special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions
 unit-1

2. Graphical User Interface

• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus
and visual images
unit-1
 unit-1

History of Operating System

 The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
 No Operating System
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-boards to control the machine’s
basic functions.
 The Second Generation (1950-1960)
 First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
 Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
 Single-stream batch processing systems
 The Third Generation (1960-1970)
 Introduction of multiprogramming
 Development of Minicomputer
 Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s)
 Microprocessors were developed, leading to the creation of personal computers.
 Advances in semiconductor technology and the use of microprocessors made computers more powerful and
accessible.
 Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore PET are examples.
 The Fifth Generation (1980-Present Day)
 Development of PCs
 Birth of Windows/MaC OS
 unit-1

Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS
 unit-1

1. Batch Operating System

• The users of this type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly.
• Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it
to the computer operator
• There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group
them into batches.
 unit-1

1. Batch Operating System cont..

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

 Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in
queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time for the batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometimes costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System:
IBM's MVS (conventional approach) and Credit card bills
 unit-1

2. Multiprogramming Operating System:

• This type of OS is used to execute more than one jobs simultaneously by a single
processor.
• It increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one job to
execute.
• Multiprogramming operating systems use the mechanism of job scheduling and CPU
scheduling.

• Ex: can use word, pdf, open google chrome

 unit-1

3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

• Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly.
• These systems are also known as Multi-tasking Systems.
• The task can be from a single user or different users also.
• The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
• After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.
 unit-1

3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems cont..

• Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Fewer chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced
• Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data
 Data communication problem
• Examples of Time-Sharing Oss
Multics, Unix, etc.
 unit-1

4. Multiprocessor operating systems

Such operating systems have more than one processor in close communication that shares

the computer bus, the clock and sometimes memory and peripheral devices.
It executes multiple jobs at the same time and makes the processing faster.

It supports large physical address space and larger virtual address space.

If one processor fails then other processor should retrieve the interrupted process
state so execution of process can continue.
 Inter-processes communication mechanism is provided and implemented in hardware.
 unit-1

5. Distributed Operating System

• Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a
shared communication network.
• Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
• These are referred to as loosely coupled systems.
• Examples:- Banking sector
 unit-1

There are various types of Distributed Operating systems.

Some of them are as follows:

1.Client-Server Systems: email, network printing, and the

World Wide Web.
2.Peer-to-Peer Systems: cryptocurrency networks, file-
sharing networks, and computing resource-sharing
networks.
3.Three-tier: A 3-tier application architecture is a modular
client-server architecture that consists of a presentation
tier, an application tier and a data tier.--
 unit-1

1.A Presentation Layer that sends content to browsers

in the form of HTML/JS/CSS. This might leverage
frameworks like React, Angular, Ember, Aurora, etc.
2.An Application Layer that uses an application server
and processes the business logic for the application.
This might be written in C#, Java, C++, Python, Ruby,
etc.
3.A Data Layer which is a database management system
that provides access to application data. This could be
MSSQL, MySQL, or PostgreSQL, etc.
 unit-1

6. Network Operating System

• These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups,

security, applications, and other networking functions.

• These types of operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications,
and other networking functions over a small private network.
• The “ other" computers are called client computers, and each computer that connects to a

network server must be running client software designed to request a specific service.
• popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
 unit-1

6. Network Operating System

Advantages of Network Operating System:
Security concerns are handled through servers
New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system
Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
Servers are costly
User has to depend on a central location for most operations
Maintenance and updates are required regularly
Examples of Network Operating System are:
Microsoft Windows Server 2003/2008/2012, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare,
and BSD, etc.
 unit-1

7. Real-Time Operating System

• These types of OSs serve real-time systems.

• The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small.

• This time interval is called response time.

• Intended to serve real time application that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay. The

full form of RTOS is Real time operating system.

• In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated in tenths of seconds increments of time. It is
time-bound system that can be defined as fixed time constraints. In this type of system, processing must
be done inside the specified constraints. Otherwise, the system will fail.
• Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like

 missile systems,
 air traffic control systems,
 robots, etc.
 unit-1

• Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements like

missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots etc. So, now it can be
easily inferred that RTOS is an operating system that supports real-time
applications by providing the correct result and, that too, within the deadline
required
 unit-1

Desktop Class Operating Systems:-

• Platform: the hardware required to run a particular operating
system
• Intel platform (IBM-compatible)
• Windows
• DOS
• UNIX
• Linux
• Macintosh platform
• Mac OS
 unit-1

Ms-DOS
• Single User Single Tasking OS.
• It had no built-in support for networking, and users had to manually
install drivers any time they added a new hardware component to
their PC.
• DOS supports only 16-bit programs.
• Command line user interface.
• So, why is DOS still in use? Two reasons are its size and simplicity.
It does not require much memory or storage space for the system,
and it docs not require a powerful computer.
 unit-1

Linux
• Linux: An open-source, cross-platform operating system that runs on

desktops, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones.

• The name Linux is a combination Linus (the first name of the first

developer) and UNIX (another operating system).

• Users are free to modify the code, improve it, and redistribute it,

• Developers are not allowed to charge money for the Linux kernel itself (the

main part of the operating system), but they can charge money for
distributions (distros for short).
 unit-1

Server Operating Systems

• Windows Server
• Familiar GUI interface for those experienced with Windows
• UNIX
• Very mature server capabilities, time-tested, large user community, stable
• Linux
• Free, customizable, many free services and utilities available
 unit-1

PROCESS MANAGEMENT
(Next)
 unit-1

DISCUSSION
• A) Embedded Systems
• B) Real time applications of OS in Industries