SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

AND DESIGN
Lecture 1
The Systems Development
Environment
Ms. Natumanya Deborah
[email protected]
+256773543523/ +256700649348
 Course outline
• Introduction to System Analysis and Design. (2 hours)
– Impact of Information Technology.
– Information System Components.
– Impact of the Internet.
– Type of Information Systems.
– Information System Users and their needs.
– The Role of a Systems Analyst.

• The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). (2 hours)

– System study.
– Design phase.
– Development and implementation phase.
– Maintenance phase.
 Cont...
• System documentation consideration. (4 hours)
– Principles of Systems Documentation.
– Types of documentation and their importance
– Enforcing documentation discipline in an organization.

• System design and modeling. (8 hours)

– Process modeling.
– Logical and physical design.
– Conceptual Data Modeling: Entity-Relationship Analysis, Entity- Relationship
Modeling,
– ERDs and DFDs.
– Concepts of Normalization: Process Description: Structured English, Decision
Tree,
– Decision Tables.
– Documentation: Data Dictionary, Recording Data Descriptions.
 Cont....
• Input and Output. (8 hours)
– Classification of forms.
– Input and Output forms design.
– User interface design and graphical interfaces.
– Standards and guidelines for GUI design.
– Designing Physical Files and Databases: Designing Fields,
Designing Physical Records,
– Designing Physical Files, Designing Databases.
– Introduction to CASE Tools, Features, Advantages and
Limitations of CASE Tools.
– Awareness about some commercial CASE Tools.

1-4
 Reading list
• Shelly, G. and Rosenblatt, H. (2011). Systems Analysis and Design.
Shelly Cashman Series.
• Hoffer, J. A., George, J. and Valacich, J. (2011). Modern Systems
Analysis and Design. (6th Ed) Pearson Education.
• Dennis, A. and Wixom, B.H. (2002). Systems Analysis and Design.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Systems Analysis and Design, Donald Yeates (2004)
• Object Oriented Systems analysis and Design, Simon Bennett (1999)
• Systems analysis and design, Donald Yeates, Tony Wakefield (2004)
• Modern systems analysis and design, Jeffrey A.Hoffer, Joey F.George,
Joseph S.Valacich (2008)
• Essentials of systems analysis and design , Jeffrey A Hoffer, Joey
F.George, Joseph S Valacich (2009)
• Systems analysis and design methods, Jeffrey L Whitten, Lonnie D
Bentley (2007)
 Learning Objectives
 Define information systems analysis and design.
 Describe the different types of information systems.
 Describe the information Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC).
 Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD),
prototyping, Joint Application Development (JAD), and
Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE).
 Describe agile methodologies and eXtreme programming.
 Explain Object Oriented Analysis and Design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).
 Introduction
• Information Systems Analysis and Design
– Complex organizational process whereby computer-based
information systems are developed and maintained
– In System Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the
details of an existing system or a proposed one and then deciding
whether the proposed system is desirable or not and whether the
existing system needs improvements.
– Thus, system analysis is the process of investigating a system,
identifying problems, and using the information to recommend
improvements to the system.
• Application Software
– Computer software designed to support organizational functions or
processes
• Systems Analyst
– Organizational role most responsible for analysis and design of
information systems
 Skills of a Successful Systems Analyst

• Analytical
– Understanding of organizations
– Problem-solving skills
– System thinking
• Ability to see organizations and information
systems as systems
• Technical
– Understanding of potential and limitations of
technology
 Cont…
• Managerial
– Ability to manage projects, resources, risk and
change
• Interpersonal
– Effective written and oral communication skills
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN
Impacts of Information
Technology
Organizations, Individuals,
and Society

1-10
 Impacts of IT
• Does IT have only positive effects?
• Ethical issues
• Organizations
• Individuals
• Society

1-11
 Ethical Issues
• Framework
• Protecting privacy
• Electronic surveillance
• Personal information in databases
• Information on bulletin boards

1-12
 Ethical Issues
• Transfer of data across borders
• Privacy codes
• Privacy policy - a sample
• Protecting intellectual property
• Internal aspects

1-13
 Ethics Framework
• Privacy
• Accuracy
• Property
• Accessibility

1-14
 Impacts on Organizations
Structure, Authority, Power, and Job Content
• Flatter organizational hierarchies
• Staff-to-line ratio
• Centralization of authority
• Power and status
• Job content

1-15
 Impacts on Organizations
Structure, Authority, Power, and Job
Content
• Role ambiguity and conflict
• Personnel issues
• Employee career ladders
• Changes in supervision
• Manager’s job

1-16
 Impacts on Individuals at Work
• Job satisfaction
• Dehumanization and psychological
• Health and safety
– Job stress
– Repetitive strain injuries
• Lessening the impact on health and safety

1-17
1-18
 Societal Impacts and the
Internet Community
• Opportunities for people with disabilities
• Quality of life improvements
• Quality of life
• Crime fighting
• The internet electronic community

1-19
 The Internet Electronic
Community
• Communities of transaction
• Communities of interest
• Communities of relations
• Communities of fantasy

1-20
Information Technology and the
Employment Level
• Arguments that support massive
unemployment
• Arguments contradicting massive
unemployment

1-21
 Telecommuting
Advantages

• Increased productivity
– Decrease absenteeism
• Decreased office costs
• Decrease pollution
• Decreased traffic

1-22
 Telecommuting
Disadvantages
• Isolation
• Loss of fringe benefits
• Lower pay
• Workplace visibility - slower promotions
• Lack of socialization

1-23
 Other Impacts
• Challenge to free speech versus Internet
indecency
• Social responsibility
• International implications

1-24
 Managerial Issues
• Lawsuits - repetitive strain injuries
• Different cultures - ethics
• Privacy
• Technological development
• Impact of EC
• Massive layoffs
• Telecommuting
1-25
Information System Components

1-26
 TYPES OF INFORMATION
SYSTEMS

• Organizational Hierarchy

• Organizational Levels

• Information Systems

27
 TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

MANAGERIAL LEVELS GROUPS SERVED

STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERS

MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERS

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &

DATA WORKERS

OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
LEVEL MANAGERS

SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN

28
MARKETING & ENGINEERING RESOURCES
 Four General Types of IS
1. Operational-level systems
– support operational managers by monitoring
the day-to-day’s elementary activities and
transactions of the organization. e.g. TPS.

2. Knowledge-level systems
– support knowledge and data workers in
designing products, distributing information,
and coping with paperwork in an organization.
e.g. KWS, OAS

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 Types of IS Cont...
3. Management-level systems
– support the monitoring, controlling,
decision-making, and administrative
activities of middle managers. e.g. MIS,
DSS
4. Strategic-level systems
– support long-range planning activities of
senior management. e.g. ESS

7-30
 A Framework for IS
(with respect to support provided)
• Executive Support Systems (ESS)
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

31
 Relationship between different IS
ESS

MIS DSS

KWS/
TPS
OAS
32
TPS is a major producer of information for other systems
 Information System Users and their needs.

• The problem owner

• Iterative problems
• User involvement

7-33
 The Role of a Systems Analyst.

• Who is a system analyst?

– One responsible for analysis and design of information systems

• Roles:

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 Roles of the systems analyst
• Study problems and needs of an organization
• Determine best approach to improving
organization through use of:
– People
– Methods
– Information technology
• Help system users and managers define their
requirements for new or enhanced systems
 Cont…
• Assess options for system implementation
– In-house development
– Outsourced development
– Outsourced development and operation
– Commercial application
• For in-house projects, work on a team of
analysts and developers
 COURSE WORK 1
1. What is information technology, and why is it
important to a business?
2. Define business profiles, processes, and modeling.
3. Describe 4 organizational levels and describe their
information requirements
4. Describe 5 types of information system and the
levels under which they operate.
5. Identify the main components of an information
system and describe the systems stakeholders.

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