Cellular

Respiration
How We Obtain Chemical Energy from Food.
After going through this module, you are expected to
explain how cellular processes produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).

1. discuss the different stages of cellular

respiration;
2. count the number of adenosine triphosphate
produced from one molecule of glucose;
3. relate dieting to cellular respiration.
Mitochondria

Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytoplasm

of most eukaryotic cells. Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food
molecules into ATP. This organelle has important parts. What are they?

1. An outer membrane that encloses the entire structure. It contains many

complexes of integral membrane proteins that form openings. A variety of molecules
and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion through the openings.

2. An inner membrane that encloses a fluid-filled matrix. This membrane contains

five complexes of integral proteins such as:

 NADH dehydrogenase
 succinate dehydrogenase

 cytochrome c reductase (the cytochrome b-c1 complex)

 cytochrome c oxidase
 ATP synthase
An inner membrane that encloses a fluid-filled matrix. This membrane
contains five complexes of integral proteins such as:
Cellular Respiration

 The process by which energy is harvested from

food is called cellular respiration.
We shall now discuss how glucose or sugar from the
foods we eat are converted to carbon dioxide,
acidic substance and most importantly, ATP. The
first step of cellular respiration is glycolysis

 ATP-producing process in which the ultimate

electron acceptor is Oxygen
 Is an exergonic process (releases energy)
 The Relationship between Cellular
Respiration and Breathing
 Cellular respiration
requires a cell to
exchange gases
with its
surroundings.
 Breathing
exchanges these
gases between the
blood and outside
air.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cellular Respiration
 Carbohydrates, Proteins, and fats can all be broken as fuel, but
cellular respiration most often described as:

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + Heat)

 Process transfers energy stored in food molecules to ATP

 The Process of Cellular
Respiration: Process that releases
energy by breaking down food in presence of
 three main metabolic stages:
oxygen.

1.Glycolysis
2.Krebs Cycle
3.Electron
Transport Chain
and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
 Glycolysis
 The process in which one molecule
of glucose is broken down in half.
 Takes place in cytoplasm.
 This produces two molecules of
pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon
compound.
NADH stands for
"nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD) +
hydrogen (H)." This chemical
occurs naturally in the body
and plays a role in the
chemical process that
Adenosine diphosphate
generates energy.
(ADP), also known as
adenosine pyrophosphate
(APP), is an important
organic compound in
metabolism and is
essential to the flow of
energy in living cells.
Pyruvic acid supplies energy
to living cells through the
citric acid cycle (also known as
the Krebs cycle ) when oxygen
is present (aerobic
respiration); it ferments to
produce lactic acid when
oxygen is lacking
( fermentation ). Pyruvate is
the output of the anaerobic
metabolism of glucose known
as glycolysis
Glycolysis continued

 The cell has to contribute 2 ATP

molecules at the beginning of
glycolysis to get things going.
 4 ATP molecules have been produced
at the end of glycolysis for a net gain
of 2 ATP.
 Although the energy yield is small,
the process is so fast that cells can
produce thousands of ATP molecules
in milliseconds.
 Does not require oxygen.
1 The process takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
2. The raw material is glucose
3. The products are pyruvic acid and
ATP
4. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of
the cell. The material needed in the
process is glucose that is broken
down into molecules of pyruvate
and ATP.
Aerobic respiration

 At the end of glycolysis, about 90 percent of the

chemical energy that was available in glucose is
still unused (pyruvic acid)
 Cell turns to oxygen for final steps of cellular
respiration.
 Krebs Cycle
 Electron Transport Chain
Oxidation of Pyruvic Acid: transition
process

Upon arrival of the pyruvic acid in the mitochondrion, it will undergo oxidation. This
is done through removal of a carbon atom from pyruvic acid. The carbon atom
combined with oxygen atoms and is released in the form of carbon dioxide. Also, two
electrons and two hydrogen ions are freed into the matrix of the mitochondrion. The
two electrons and one hydrogen ion are picked by electron carrier NAD+ (oxidized
nicotinamide adenine nucleotide) to form the higher energy form NADH. Coenzyme
A, a cofactor, attaches to the remaining two-carbon unit called acetyl unit forming
acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl Co- A). The process is summarized in Figure 3.

Since there are two molecules of pyruvic acid from glucose that undergo oxidation,
two molecules of acetyl Co-A, two molecules of carbon dioxide and two molecules of
NADH are generated during this transition step.
Krebs Cycle

 Named after Hans

Krebs
 During this cycle,
pyruvic acid is
broken down into
carbon dioxide in a
series of energy-
extracting
reactions.
 Takes place in
mitochondria.
The Krebs Cycle spins round and
round to produce high-energy
electrons, which are then passed
to the electron transport chain.
The ETC uses these high-energy
electrons to convert ADP into ATP.
Takes place in cristae: folds in
mitochondria.
 1. The 2-carbon molecule enters the
cycle and joins a 4-carbon molecule.

2.In a series of steps, the hydrogen

and high energy electrons are
removed from the 2-carbon molecule.

3. Three NAD+ are converted to 3

NADH and 3 H+.

4. One FAD is converted into 1 FADH2.

5. One ATP is formed.

6. Two carbon dioxide are released.

7. At the end of the cycle, nothing

remains of the original glucose
molecule.
https://youtu.be/LQmTKxI4Wn4
 Since the production of ATP is tied with the electrochemical gradient of hydrogen
ions, the mechanism is called Chemiosmosis.
The Totals:

 How much energy does cellular respiration yield

from a single molecule of glucose?
 2 molecules of ATP from glycolysis
 34 molecules of ATP from Krebs Cycle and Electron
transport chain.
 Total ATP from one molecule of glucose: 36 ATP.
Review of Cellular Respiration

 Process that releases

energy by breaking
down food in presence
of oxygen.
 Three processes make
up cellular respriation:
 Glycolysis
 Krebs Cycle
 Electron Transport
Chain
Anaerobic respiration: No Oxygen

 Fermentation:
releases energy
from food
molecules in the
absence of oxygen.
 Two main types:
 Alcoholic
fermentation
 Lactic
acid
fermentation
Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

 Occurs in plant
cells and some
microorganisms.
 Alcohol is produced
as a by-product of
ATP production.
 Important in bread,
cheese, wine
industry.
Lactic Acid Fermentation

 Occurs in animal cells when

oxygen is not present.
 Lactic acid is produced as a
by-product of producing ATP
without oxygen.
Energy and Exercise

 Toobtain energy
during exercise,
the body uses ATP
already in muscles
and new ATP made
by lactic acid
fermentation and
cellular
respiration.
The Effect of Exercise on Physical
Activity
 As the activity level
increases, so does
the rate of cellular
respiration (and thus
your breathing rate).
 Your body must take
in more oxygen to
supply enough ATP
to cells for activity.
Quick energy: What happens when
your body needs energy quickly?
 Cells can provide
enough energy from
ATP for a few seconds.
 After this, ATP is
produced by lactic
acid fermentation;
enough for about 90
seconds.
 Lactic acid builds up
in you and this is why
muscles get sore!!
Long-Term Energy: Sustained
energy over a long period of
time.
 For exercise over 90
seconds, cellular
respiration is the only
way to generate a
continuing supply of ATP.
 This is why our
breathing rate increases
during exercise!
 Energy is stored in the
body as the
carbohydrate glycogen:
15-20 minutes. After
that, body begins to
break down other
molecules, such as fat.
 Activity 1. Understanding Glycolysis

1. In which part of the cell does the process take place?

2. What is the raw material?
3. What are the products?
4. Describe briefly the first step of cellular respiration, emphasizing the location, raw materials
needed and the end products.
 Activity 2. Let’s go round and round… (Kreb’s Cycle)

Your task is to arrange the following events in the Krebs cycle in proper
sequence. Base your answer on the diagram. Assign numbers 1-7 in the
space provided to indicate the correct sequence of events; then rewrite
them in a paragraph form.
 Activity 3. Pump it out! (Electron Transport Chain)

Answer the following questions based from the figure.

1. How will you describe the

flow of electrons? 1. The electrons flow along the membrane
2. What do you think is the and change to ATP.
importance of NADH and 2. NADP and FADH2 are high energy
FADH2 in the process? carries that provides electron for the
3. What is the final acceptor synthesis of ATP.
3. The final acceptor of electron in the ETC
of the electron in the
is oxygen
process? 4. When electrons (hydrogen) combine
4. What compound is formed with the last acceptor (oxygen) it forms
when the electron combines water molecule.
with the last acceptor?
What I Have Learned
Directions: Answer the following questions and complete the thought of the following statements.
1. The goal of cellular respiration is to make ____.
2. In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of _ __ .
3. In order, what are the three steps of aerobic respiration?
4. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
5. Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?
6. Where in the cell does the ETC occur?
7. During the Krebs cycle how many ATP Molecules are created?
8. In aerobic respiration, after glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle are over, how many total ATP’s have been
made? (With the energy in one molecule of glucose)? ___ .
9. Which of the three stages of aerobic respiration makes the most ATP?
10. When oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions, what is formed?

ATP Water
Pyruvic Acid Mitochondria
Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle,

electron transport chain Cytoplasm

4

Mitochondria ETC

Mitochondria
2