Object-Oriented Programming

3140705

Unit 2:
Selections,
Mathematical functions and
loops
 Looping
What we will learn

If statement
Two way if statement
Nested if statement
Switch statement
Conditional Expression
While loop
Do-while loop
For loop
Nested loop
Break and continue statement
Common mathematical expression
Decision Making
 Compiler executes program statements sequentially.
 Decision making statements are used to control the flow of program
execution.
 It allows us to control whether a set of program statement should be
executed or not.
 It evaluates condition or logical expression first and based on its result
(true or false), the control is transferred to the particular statement.
 If result is true then it takes one path else it takes another path.
True conditi False
on

… …

…
Decision Making Statements
 Commonly used decision making statements are
 One way Decision: if (Also known as simple if)
 Two way Decision: if…else
 Multi way Decision: if…else if…else if…else
 Decision within Decision: nested if
 Two way Decision: ?: (Conditional Operator)
 n-way Decision: switch…case
if
One way Decision
if
 if statement is the most simple decision-making statement also known as
simple if.
 An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more
statements.
 If the expression is true, then 'statement-inside' will be executed,
otherwise 'statement-inside' is skipped and only 'statement-outside' will
be executed.
 It is used to decide whether a block of statements will be executed or not
i.e ifconditio
a certain condition
False is if(condition)
true then a block of statement is executed
otherwise n not. {
// Statements to execute if condition
True
is true
statement-inside }
WAP to print if a number is positive
1.import java.util.*;
2.class MyProgram{
3.public static void main (String[] args){
4.int x;
5.Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. x = sc.nextInt();
7. if(x > 0){
8. System.out.println("number is a
positive");
9. }
10.}
Exercise
 Write a program which reads two numbers and based on different
between it prints either of following message DIFFERENCE IS POSITIVE or
DIFFERENCE IS NAGATIVE.
WAP to print if a number is odd or even
1.import java.util.*;
2.class MyProgram{
3.public static void main (String[] args){
4.int x;
5.Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. x = sc.nextInt();
7. if( x % 2 == 1 ){
8. System.out.println("number is a odd");
9. }
10. if( x % 2 == 0 ){
11. System.out.println("number is a
even");
12. }
13.}
if…else
Two way Decision
If…else
 For a simple if, if a condition is true, the compiler executes a block of
statements, if condition is false then it doesn’t do anything.
 What if we want to do something when the condition is false? if…else is
used for the same.
 If the 'expression' is true then the 'statement-block-1' will get executed
else 'statement-block-2' will be executed. if(condition)
{
// statement-block-1
True conditio False // to execute if condition
n is true
}
else
statement- statement-
{
block-1 block-2
// statement-block-2
// to execute if condition
… is false
}
WAP to print if a number is positive or negative
1.import java.util.*;
2.class MyProgram{
3.public static void main (String[] args){
4.int x;
5. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. x = sc.nextInt();
7. if (x > 0){
8. System.out.println("Number is
positive");
9. }//if
10. else{
11. System.out.println("Number is
negative");
12. }//else
13. }//main
14.}//class
WAP to print if a number is odd or even
1.import java.util.*;
2.class MyProgram{
3.public static void main (String[] args){
4. int x;
5. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. x = sc.nextInt();
7. if( x % 2 == 1 ){
8. System.out.println("number is a odd");
9. }
10. else{
11. System.out.println("number is a even");
12. }
13.}
Exercise
1. Any year is entered through the keyboard, write a program to determine
whether the year is leap or not.
2. Write a program to check whether a triangle is valid or not, when the
three angles of the triangle are entered through the keyboard. A triangle
is valid if the sum of all the three angles is equal to 180 degrees.
if…else if…else
Multi way Decision
if…else if…else
 if…else if…else statement is also known as if- if(condition 1)
else-if ladder which is used for multi way decision {
making. statement-block1;
}
 It is used when there are more than two different else if(condition 2)
conditions. {
 It tests conditions in a sequence, from top to statement-block2;
}
bottom.
else if(condition 3)
 If first condition is true then the associated block {
with if statement is executed and rest of the statement-block3;
conditions are skipped. }
else if(condition 4)
 If condition is false then then the next if condition {
will be tested, if it is true then the associated block statement-block4;
is executed and rest of the conditions are skipped. }
Thus it checks till last condition. else
default-statement;
 Condition is tested only and only when all previous
conditions are false.
 The last else is the default block which will be
if-else-if ladder

if(condition 1) conditio False

{ n1
statement-
block1;
} True conditio False
else if(condition 2)
{ n2
statement-
block2; … True conditio False
}
else if(condition 3) n3
{
statement- … True
block3;
}
else if(condition 4)
{ … …
statement-
block4;
}
else
default-
statement;
WAP to print if a number is zero or positive or
negative
1.import java.util.*;
2.class MyProgram{
3.public static void main (String[] args){
4. int x;
5. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. x = sc.nextInt();
7. if(x > 0){
8. System.out.println(" number is a positive");
9. }
10. else if(x < 0) {
11. System.out.println(" number is a negative");
12. }
13. else{
14. System.out.println(" number is a zero");
15. }
16.}
WAP to print day name from day number
1.public class Demo {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int d;
4. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
5. d = sc.nextInt();
6. if (d == 1 ) System.out.println(“Monday”);
7. else if (d == 2) System.out.println(“Tuesday“);
8. else if (d == 3) System.out.println(“Wednesday“);
9. else if (d == 4) System.out.println(“Thursday“);
10. else if (d == 5) System.out.println(“Friday“);
11. else if (d == 6) System.out.println(“Saturday“);
12. else System.out.println(“Sunday“);
13. }
14.}
if-else statement
1.int marks = 65;
2.if (marks < 60) {
3. System.out.println("fail");
4.} else if (marks >= 60 && marks < 80)
{
5. System.out.println("B grade");
6.} else if (marks >= 80 && marks < 90)
{
7. System.out.println("A grade");
8.} else if (marks >= 90 && marks <
100) {
9. System.out.println("A+ grade");
10.} else {
11. System.out.println("Invalid!");
12.}
Nested If
 A nested if is an if statement that is the target of
if(condition 1)
another if statement. {
if(condition 2)
 Nested if statements mean an if statement inside {
another if statement. nested-block;
}
 The statement connected to the nested if else
statement is only executed when -: {
nested-block;
 condition of outer if statement is true, and }
 condition of the nested if statement is also true. }//if
else if(condition 3)
 Note: There could be an optional else statement {
associated with the outer if statement, which is statement-block3;
}
only executed when the condition of the outer if else(condition 4)
statement is evaluated to be false and in this {
case, the condition of nested if condition won't statement-block4;
}
be checked at all.
Nested If statement
 We can also use if/else if statement inside another if/else if statement, this
is known as nested if statement.
int username = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int password = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
double balance = 123456.25;

if(username==1234){
if(password==987654){
System.out.println("Your Balance is
="+balance);
}
else{
System.out.println("Password is invalid");
}
}
else{
System.out.println("Username is invalid");
}
Exercise
 In a company an employee is paid as under:
 If his basic salary is less than Rs. 1500, then HRA = 10% of basic
salary and DA = 90% of basic salary.
 If his salary is either equal to or above Rs. 1500, then HRA = Rs. 500
and DA = 98% of basic salary.
 Employee's salary is input through the keyboard, write a program to
find his gross salary.
switch…case
n-way Decision
Switch…case
 switch…case is a multi-way decision switch (expression)
making statement. {
case constant 1:
 It is similar to if-else-if ladder statement. // Statement-1
break;
 It executes one statement from multiple
conditions. case constant 2:
// Statement-2
break;

case constant 3:
// Statement-3
break;

default:
// Statement-default
// if none of the above case
matches then this block would
be executed.
}
Switch…case: WAP to print day based on number entered
6.switch (d) {
1.public class Demo { 7. case 1:
2. public static void 8. System.out.println(“Monday“); break;
main(String[] 9. case 2:
args){ 10. System.out.println(“Tuesday“); break;
3. int d; 11. case 3:
4. Scanner sc= new 12. System.out.println(“Wednesday“); break;
Scanner(System.in); 13. case 4:
5. d = sc.nextInt(); 14. System.out.println(“Thursday“); break;
15. case 5:
16. System.out.println(“Friday“); break;
17. case 6:
18. System.out.println(“Saturday“); break;
19. case 7:
20. System.out.println(“Sunday“); break;
21. default:
22. System.out.println(“Invalid Day“);
23. } //switch
24. }
25.}
Switch…case
 switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is
like if-else-if ladder statement.
public class SwitchExampleDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int number = 20;
switch (number) {
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
break;
case 20:
System.out.println("20");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Not 10 or
20");
}
}
}
Exercise
 Write a menu driven program that allows user to enters five numbers and
then choose between finding the smallest, largest, sum or average. Use
switch case to determine what action to take. Provide error message if an
invalid choice is entered.
Points to remember for switch…case
 The condition in the switch should result in a constant value otherwise it
would be invalid.
 In some languages, switch statements can be used for integer
values only.
 Duplicate case values are not allowed.
 The value for a case must be of the same data type as the variable in the
switch.
 The value for a case must be a constant.
 variables are not allowed as an argument in switch statement.
 The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement
sequence.
 The break statement is optional, if eliminated, execution will continue on
into the next case.
 The default statement is optional and can appear anywhere inside the
switch block.
Exercise
 Write a Java program to get a number from the user and print whether it is
positive or negative.
 Write a program to find maximum no from given 3 no.
 The marks obtained by a student in 5 different subjects are input through
the keyboard.
 The student gets a division as per the following rules:
 Percentage above or equals to 60-first division
 Percentage between 50 to 59-second division
 Percentage between 40 and 49-Third division
 Percentage less than 40-fail
Write a program to calculate the division obtained by the student.
 Write a Java program that takes a number from the user and displays the
name of the weekday accordingly (For example if user enter 1 program
should return Monday) .
Introduction to loop
Repeatedly execute a block of statements
Loop
 Sometimes we need to repeat certain actions several times or till the
some criteria is satisfied.
 Loop constructs are used to iterate a block of statements several times.
 Loop constructs repeatedly execute a block of statements for a fixed
number of times or till some condition is satisfied
Flowchart of if Flowchart of while
(true-block executed only once)(true-block executed till condition is true)

conditio False conditio False

n n
True True

true-block true-block
Looping Statements
 Following are looping statements in any programming language,
 Entry Controlled while, for
 Exit Controlled do…while
 Unconditional Jump goto (It is advised to never use goto in a
program)
while
Entry Controlled Loop
while
 while is a entry controlled loop.
 It executes a block of statements till the condition is true.

while(condition) Flowchart of while

{ (true-block executed till condition is true)
// true-block
} False
conditio
n
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) True
{
System.out.println(i); true-block
i++;
}
While Loop
 while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. while is
entry control loop.
 If the number of iteration is not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.
//code will print 1 to 9
public class WhileLoopDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 1;
while(number < 10) {
System.out.println(number);
number++;
}
}
}
Do-while Loop
 do-while loop is executed at least once because condition is checked after
loop body.
//code will print 1 to 9
public class DoWhileLoopDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 1;
do {
System.out.println(number);
number++;
}while(number < 10) ;
}
}
WAP to print odd numbers between 1 to n
1. import java.util.*;
2. class WhileDemo{
3. public static void main (String[] args){
4. int n,i=1;
5. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. System.out.print("Enter a number:");
7. n = sc.nextInt();
Outp
8. while(i <= n){ ut
Enter a number:10
9. if(i%2==1) 1
10. System.out.println(i); 3
5
11. i++; 7
12. } 9
13.}}
WAP to print factors of a given number
1. import java.util.*;
2. class WhileDemo{
3. public static void main (String[] args){
4. int i=1,n;
5. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6. System.out.print("Enter a Number:");
7. n = sc.nextInt();
Outp
8. System.out.print(" Factors:"); ut
Enter a Number:25
9. while(i <= n){ Factors:1,5,25
10. if(n%i == 0)
11. System.out.print(i +",");
12. i++;
13. }
14.}}
Exercise:while
1. WAP to print multiplication table using while loop
2. Write a program that calculates and prints the sum of the even integers
from 1 to 10.
for(;;)
Entry Controlled Loop
for
 for is an entry controlled loop
 Statements inside the body of for are repeatedly executed till the
for(i=1; i <= 5; i+
condition is true
for (initialization; condition; increm int i = 1;
+)
ent while (i <= 5) {
/decrement) {
{ System.out.print("He
// statements System.out.print("H
ll o World!");
} ello World!");
i++;
}
}
 The initialization statement is executed only once, at the beginning of
the loop.
 Then, the condition is evaluated.
 If the condition is true, statements inside the body of for loop are
executed
 If the condition is false, the for loop is terminated.
 Then, increment / decrement statement is executed
For Loop
 for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times.
 If the number of iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.
//code will print 1 to 9
public class ForLoopDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int number=1;number<10;number++)
{
System.out.println(number);
}
}
}
WAP to print odd numbers between 1 to n
1. import java.util.*;
2. class MyProgram{
3. public static void main (String[] args)
{
4. int i=1;
5. Scanner sc = new
Scanner(System.in);
6. n = sc.nextInt();
7. for(i=1; i<=n; i++) {
8. if(i%2==1)
9. System.out.println(i);
10. }//for
11. }//
12.}
WAP to print factors of a given number
1. import java.util.*;
2. class MyProgram{
3. public static void main (String[]
args){
4. int i=1;
5. Scanner sc = new
Scanner(System.in);
6. n = sc.nextInt();
7. for(i=1; i<=n; i++){
8. if(n%i == 0)
9. System.out.println(i);
10. }
11. }
12.}
Exercise: for
 Write a program to print average of n numbers.
 Write a program that calculates and prints the sum of the even integers
from 1 to 10.
do…while
Exit Controlled Loop
do…while
 do…while is an exit controlled loop.
 Statements inside the body of do…while are repeatedly executed till the
condition is true.
 while
do loop executes zero or more times, do…while loop executes one or
more
{ times. Flowchart of while Flowchart of do…while
// true-
block
conditio False
} true-block
while(condition) n
; True
conditio
true-block True n
False
WAP to print 1 to 10 using do-while loop
1. import java.util.*;
2. class MyProgram{
3. public static void main (String[]
args){
4. int i=1;
5. do{
6. System.out.println(i);
7. i++;
8. }while(i <= 10);
9. }
10.}
continue
Skip the statement in the iteration
continue
 Sometimes, it is required to skip the remaining statements in the loop and
continue with the next iteration.
 continue statement is used to skip remaining statements in the loop.
 continue is keyword.
WAP to calculate the sum of positive numbers.
1.import java.util.*;
2.class ContinueDemo{
3.public static void main(String[] args) {
4.int a,n,sum=0;
5.Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
6.n = sc.nextInt();
7.for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
8. a = sc.nextInt();
9. if(a<0){
10. continue;
11. System.out.println("a="+a);//error:unreachable
statement
12. }//if
13. sum=sum+a;
14.}//for
15. System.out.println("sum="+sum);
16. }
17.}
break
Early exit from the loop
break
 Sometimes, it is required to early exit the loop as soon as some situation
occurs.
 E.g. searching a particular number in a set of 100 numbers. As soon as the
number is found it is desirable to terminate the loop.
 break statement is used to jump out of a loop.
 break statement provides an early exit from for, while, do…while and
switch constructs.
 break causes exit from the innermost loop or switch.
 break is keyword.
WAP to calculate the sum of given numbers. User will enter -1 to terminate.

1.import java.util.*;
2.class BreakDemo{
3.public static void main (String[] args){
4. int a,sum=0;
5. System.out.println("enter numbers_ enter -1 to break");
6. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
7. while(true){
8. a = sc.nextInt();
9. if(a==-1)
10. break;
11. sum=sum+a;
12. }//while
13. System.out.println("sum="+sum);
14. }
15.}
Types of loops
Entry Control Entry Control Virtual
Exit Control Loop
Loop Loop Loop
int i=1; int i; int i=1; int i=1;
while(i<=10) for(i=1;i<=10;i+ do p: i++;
{ +) { if(i<=10)
i++; { i++; goto p;
} i++; }
} while(i<=10);

False Label
conditi Statement
on Loop Body
True True conditi
True conditi on
Loop Body got
on o
False
False labe
l
nested loop
loop within a loop
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
* 1.class PatternDemo{
** 2.public static void main(String[] args) {
*** 3. int n=5;
**** 4. for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
***** 5. for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
6. System.out.print("*");
7. }//for j
8. System.out.println();
9. }//outer for i
10. }
11.}
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
1 1.class PatternDemo{
1 2 2.public static void main(String[] args) {
1 2 3 3. int n=5;
1 2 3 4 4. for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
1 2 3 4 5. for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
5 6. System.out.print(j+"\t");
7. }//for j
8. System.out.println();
9. }//outer for i
10. }
11.}
Programs to perform (Looping Statements)
 Write a program to print first n odd numbers.
 Write a program to check that the given number is prime or not.
 Write a program to draw given patterns,
 Mathematical
functions
Math class
 The Java Math class provides more advanced mathematical
calculations other than arithmetic operator.
 The java.lang.Math class contains methods which performs basic
numeric operations such as the elementary exponential, logarithm,
square root, and trigonometric functions.
 All the methods of class Math are static.
 Fields :
 Math class comes with two important static fields
 E : returns double value of Euler's number (i.e 2.718281828459045).
 PI : returns double value of PI (i.e. 3.141592653589793).
Methods of class Math
Methods of class Math (Cont.)
Methods of class Math (Cont.)
Methods of class Math (Cont.)
Methods of class Math (Cont.)
Math Example

public class MathDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
double sinValue = Math.sin(Math.PI / 2);
double cosValue = Math.cos(Math.toRadians(80));
int randomNumber = (int)(Math.random() * 100);
// values in Math class must be given in
Radians
// (not in degree)
System.out.println("sin(90) = " + sinValue);
System.out.println("cos(80) = " + cosValue);
System.out.println("Random = " + randomNumber);
}
}
Thank You