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Special Points in Triangles in JEE Maths

Special points in triangle for jee maths coordinate geometry + important subtopic for JEE Advanced maths.

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45 views17 pages

Special Points in Triangles in JEE Maths

Special points in triangle for jee maths coordinate geometry + important subtopic for JEE Advanced maths.

Uploaded by

iNLUV WDu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Special Points

in Triangles

1 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Information

2 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Constructing the circumcenter

3 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
The circumcenter theorem

The circumcenter of a triangle is the point where the three


perpendicular bisectors meet. It is not always in the interior of
the triangle.

acute right obtuse


Y
Circumcenter theorem:
The circumcenter of a triangle is equidistant
from the vertices of the triangle.
P
PX = PY = PZ
X Z

4 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Constructing the incenter

5 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
The incenter theorem

The incenter of a triangle is the point where the three angle


bisectors meet. It is always in the interior of the triangle.

acute right obtuse

Y
Incenter theorem:
The incenter of a triangle is equidistant S
Q
from the sides of the triangle.
P
PQ = PR = PS
X R Z

6 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Inscribed and circumscribed shapes

An inscribed circle is the largest circle that fits inside


the triangle.

Where is the center of


the inscribed circle? Pi
the incenter of the triangle

A circumscribing circle is the smallest circle that contains


the whole triangle.

Where is the center of


the circumscribing circle?
Pc
the circumcenter of the triangle

7 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Constructing the centroid

8 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Medians of a triangle

The median of a triangle is a line segment that joins a


vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
A triangle has three medians. The point where all three of
these meet is called the centroid.

Plan a proof for showing that the three medians of a


triangle are concurrent – meaning they meet at a point.
y
1. find the midpoints of each side

2. find the equations of the medians

3. show algebraically that the


medians intersect at the
x same point.

9 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Centroid example

Find the centroid of the triangle in the figure.


1. find the midpoints of each side: y
Q: ((5+8)/2, (5+0)/2) = (6.5, 2.5)
R: ((0+8)/2, (0+0)/2) = (4, 0)
S: ((5+0)/2, (5+0)/2) = (2.5, 2.5)
2. find the equations of the medians: x
using point–slope format:
XQ: (y–0) = (2.5/6.5)(x–0) ⇒ y = 0.38x
RY: (y–0) = (5/1)(x–4) ⇒ y = 5x – 20
SZ: (y–0) = (–2.5/5.5)(x–8) ⇒ y = –0.45x + 3.6
3. find the point where two medians intersect:
equate two lines, e.g., XQ and SZ: 0.38x = –0.45x + 3.6
solve for x: x = 4.34
substitute x to find y: y = 0.38x = 0.38(4.34) = 1.65
The point of intersection is (4.34, 1.65).
10 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
The centroid theorem

Centroid theorem: Y
The centroid of a triangle is two-thirds of the
distance along the median from the vertex. S Q
P
XP = ⅔XQ YP = ⅔YR ZP = ⅔ZS
X R Z

The centroid is the balancing


point – or the center of mass –
of the triangle.

11 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Applying the centroid theorem

A triangle has a vertex at X(0,1) and a midpoint of the


opposite side at Q(6,4). Find the centroid of the triangle
using the centroid theorem.
The centroid theorem states that the centroid of a triangle is
two-thirds of the distance along a median from the vertex.
First, find x-coordinate that is two-thirds of the way from the vertex.
find the total x-distance: 6–0=6
multiply by ⅔ : 6×⅔=4
add to x-coordinate of vertex: 0+4=4
Similarly, find y-coordinate that is two-thirds of the way from the vertex.
find the total y-distance: 4–1=3
multiply by ⅔ : 3×⅔=2
add to y-coordinate of vertex: 1+2=3
The centroid is at (4, 3).

12 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Constructing the orthocenter

13 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Altitudes of a triangle

The altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular segment


that connects a side to the opposite vertex.
A triangle has three altitudes. The point where all three of
these meet is called the orthocenter.

acute right obtuse

An altitude or the orthocenter is not


always in the interior of the triangle.

14 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Midsegments of a triangle

The midsegment of a triangle is the segment


that connects the midpoints of two sides.

The three midsegments form the


midsegment triangle.

Triangle midsegment theorem:


The midsegment of a triangle is parallel to a side of
the triangle and half the length of that side.

Describe the midsegment triangle of an equilateral triangle


with side lengths 5 cm.
The midsegment triangle would also be an equilateral triangle with side
lengths half the length of the triangle sides: 2.5 cm.

15 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Triangle midsegment theorem

Prove the triangle midsegment theorem using the figure.


y First, prove that the each midsegment
is parallel to a side by finding slopes.
find the midpoints of each side:
(x2 , y2) (x1 , 0) (x1+ x2 , y2)
find the slopes of each side:
x 0 1 y2 ÷ (x1– x2)
find the slopes of the midsegments:
0 1 y2 ÷ (x1– x2)
Each midsegment slope matches a side slope, so they are parallel. 
Then prove that the midsegment is half the length of its
corresponding parallel side using the distance formula.
find the lengths of the sides: 2x1 2√(x2–x1)2+y22 2√x22+y22
find the lengths of the midsegments: x1 √(x2–x1)2+y22 √x22+y22
Each midsegment is half the length of its corresponding side. 
16 of 17 © Boardworks 2012
Triangle midsegment theorem

For the triangle shown, find the area of its midsegment


triangle. What fraction of the triangle’s area is the
midsegment triangle’s area?
find base and height of original triangle:
XZ = 8–0 = 8 XY = 5–2 = 3
find base and height of midsegment
triangle using the midsegment theorem:
QR = ½XY = ½×3 = 1.5
QS = ½XZ = ½×8 = 4
find the area of the midseg. triangle:
Ams = ½ × base × height = ½ × 4 × 1.5 = 3 The midsegment triangle has
find the area of the original triangle: 3 ÷ 12 = ¼
the area of the large triangle.
A = ½ × base × height = ½ × 8 × 3 = 12

17 of 17 © Boardworks 2012

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