ACIDS, BASES AND

SALTS
• Introduction of acids, bases and
Indicators
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
 ACIDS

Substances which are sour to taste have acidic

ingredients and their solutions are Acids.

CH3COOH
C6H8O7 C4H6O6 C2H2O4

Citric acid Acetic acid Tartaric acid Oxalic acid

Lemo Vinega Tamarin Tomat

 BASES

Substances which are bitter to taste are bases.

Gherki Bitter Fenugree

n Gourd k
 INDICATORS

COMMON E.g – Litmus paper

The acidic and basic nature of the

As road rules are Eachcan
compounds of three
also colours of the
be indicated
INDICATED by Traffic by somesignal indicates
natural as wellthe
asactivity
chemical
signal, similarly acids and expected from
substances known as …… the people, i.e.
bases are INDICATED to stop, to be ready and to go.
by…
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Natural indicators
 LITMUS

It is a natural indicator used to determine the

nature of substance (acidic/basic).
Algae provides food and fungus provides shelter

Obtained from plants – LICHENS.

LICHENS - a plant
belonging to the
division Thallophyta

Colour of Litmus
solution is PURPLE
NATURAL INDICATORS

 Blue litmus paper

turns red on dipping
in acid and red
litmus turns blue by

alkali.
Acids change the
Red remains red
colour of blue litmus
and blue changes to
to red Bases change blue
Blue remains the colour
red
of
andred litmus
red to blue
changes to
blue
ACI
D
BAS
E
Natural
substances
Natural indicators can also be
prepared from
PETUNIA

TURMERIC

GERANIUM

BEET ROOT

RED CABBAGE EXTRACT

Red cabbage extract remains red in acidic solution but turns blue to
green in basic solution.
The flower of hydrangea plant are usually blue in acid which turn
pink in the presence of base.
Many times we have noticed that yellow stain of curry on a white cloth
(which is due to the presence of turmeric in curry) turns reddish-brown when
soap is scrubbed on it. This is due to the fact that soap solution is basic in
nature which changes the colour of turmeric in the curry stain to red brown.
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Synthetic, olfactory and
universal indicators
 SYNTHETIC INDICATORS
Some chemical substances such as phenolphthalein,
methyl orange, eosin are also indicators. They are
synthetic indicators.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
INDICATOR

No colour Colourless to
change pink

Phenolphthalein
Add 2-3 drops :
of prepared
Artificially phenolphthalein
Take
Andtwo unknown
observe for anysolutions
colour
In
inacids
Indicator.-different
change.
two ________. beakers.
In bases - ________.

Acid Base
METHYL ORANGE PHENOLPHTHALEIN
 Sample Red litmus Blue litmus Phenolph- Methyl orange
solution solution solution thalein solution solution
HCl No Change Turns Blue Colourless Turns
H2SO4 No Change Turns Blue Colourless red
Turns red
HNO3 No Change Turns Blue Colourless Turns red
CH3COOH No Change Turns Blue Colourless Turns orange
NaOH Turns Blue No Change Turns pink Turns yellow
Ca(OH)2 Turns Blue No Change Turns pink Turns
KOH Turns Blue No Change Turns pink yellow
Turns
Mg(OH)2 Turns Blue No Change Turns pink yellow yellow
Turns
NH4OH Turns Blue No Change Turns Turns
pink yellow
 OLFACTORY
INDICATORS
Onion slice
Since this indicator works
on smell it is called as

Onion smell Onion smell

Acid
remains as it is Base
goes off

e.g:- onion InWhat

acid asmell of onion
pungent smell
remains same
onion has !! but in
In Acids :- odour remains as it is. base smell goes off
In Bases :- odour goes off.
OLFACTORY
INDICATORS.
Certain substances whose odour change in
acidic or basic medium are known as

Onion
Clove

vanilla essence
Eucalyptus (nilgiri)

In Acids :- odour remains as it is.

In Bases :- odour goes off.
 UNIVERSAL INDICATOR
Mixture of several indicators is known as
UNIVERSAL INDICATOR.
Universal indicator not only tells us whether
the given solution is acid or a base but we can
also judge how strong an acid or base can be.
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Chemical definition of acids
• Mineral and organic acids
 CHEMICAL DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE
Acids
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl– (aq)
H22SO4(aq) 22H+(aq) 2–
+ SOinto
When dissolved Splits ions…
4 (aq)

in water…
Substances which when dissolved in water give
Valency of
H+ ions are called as acids.
sulphate ion is 2
Bases
Mg(OH)2(s) Mg2+(aq)+ 2 OH–(aq)
KOH(aq) K+(aq) + OH– (aq)
Substances which when dissolved in water give
OH– ions are called as Bases.
 ORGANIC
ACIDS
The acid present in plants and animals are
called organic acids.
Some of the organic acids are citric acid,
lactic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid etc.
Mango Acids are classified into two
types:
Tamarin
Organic acids
d
Orange mineral acids
Grapes
Lemon
 MINERAL
ACIDS
The acid prepared form the minerals of the earth are
called mineral acids.
Examples

Concentrated mineral acids are

very dangerous. In laboratory
Always add acid into water
acids are generally mixed with
to avoid any accident.
water to dilute them such acids
Sulphuric acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid are called dilute acids
(H2SO4) (HCl) (HNO3)
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Classification of acids and
bases :
Strong acids,
Weak acids,
Physical properties of acids
ssification of acids and bases depending on the number of H+ and OH– ions
STRONG ACIDS:-
Eg. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
The acids which give more number of
HYDROGEN ions in aqueous solution
are called STRONG ACIDS.
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
WEAK ACIDSAll:-mineral
Eg. acids are strong
CH
except 3COOH
carbonic acid
The acids which gives less number
of
HYDROGEN IONS in aqueous
solution are called WEAK ACIDS. The dilute
AllHence solution
they
organic of weak
areare
acids use weak
as
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO–(aq) acids areingredients
food
acid quite safe to drink
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

1. Acids have a sour taste.

2. Acids turn blue litmus to red.


3. Acid solutions conduct electricity
(They are electrolytes).
4. Acids react with metals to form
hydrogen

Metal + Acid Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas

Zn(s) + H2SO4 ZnSO4(aq) + H 2

(aq)

Zinc Sulphuric acid

Aci
Zinc Sulphate
( A metal) (Dilute) d
(A salt)
Hydrogen gas
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Chemical properties of acid
with metals
 REACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID WITH ZINC
METAL
Glass delivery tube

Hydrogen gas burns

with a ‘pop’ sound
Rubber cork making a little
explosion
Stand
Burning candle

Soap bubble filled

Boiling tube
with hydrogen

Dilute sulphuric
acid Trough
Zinc granules

Soap Solution
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Chemical properties of acids
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

5. Acids react with metal carbonates (and metal

hydrogen - carbonates) to form carbon dioxide gas.
Na2CO
CO33 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl
Na CO2 + H2O
+ CO
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Carbon Water
NaHCO 3+
carbonate HCl acid NaCl + CO
chloride + H2O
dioxide
2

Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Carbon Water

hydrogen acid chloride dioxide
carbonate

Metal carbonates + Acid Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

Metal hydrogen
+ Acid Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
carbonates
The carbon dioxide gas is formed in the form of brisk
effervescence
(the rapid escape of small bubbles of gas from the liquid)
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
If excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through
Ca(OH)
lime + then
water
2 CO2 the white precipitate
CaCO3 + H2formed
O first
dissolves
Calcium due to
Carbon the Calcium
formation of a soluble salt
CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2O carbonate Ca(HCO3)2
Water
hydroxide dioxide
calcium hydrogencarbonate, and the solution
(white precipitate)
Calcium hydrogen
Calcium Carbon
becomes clear Water
carbonate dioxideagain. carbonate
(soluble in water)

Clear lime When carbon dioxide is If carbon dioxide is

water passed through lime passed for longer time,
water, it turns milky the milkiness disappear
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Chemical properties of acids
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

6. Acids react with bases (or alkalis) to form salt and

water. It is known as neutralisation reaction.

Acid + Base Salt + Water

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Water
hydroxide acid chloride

7. Acids react with metal oxide to form salt and water.

Hence metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides
Metal oxide + Acid Salt + Water
Cu
CuOO + HCl
2H Cl CuCl2 + H22O
CuCl
Copper(II) Hydrochloric Copper (II) Water
oxide acid chloride
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

8. Acids have corrosive nature.

The mineral acids cause severe burns on the skin and attack and
eat up material like cloth, wood, metal structures and stone
work, so they are said to be corrosive.
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

1. Acids have a sour taste.

2. Acids turn blue litmus to red.

3. Acid solutions conduct electricity (They are electrolytes).

4. Acids react with metals to form hydrogen gas.

5. Acids react with metal carbonates (and metal hydrogen -
carbonates) to form carbon dioxide gas.

6. Acids react with bases (or alkalis) to form salt and water.
7. Acids react with metal oxide to form salt and water.

8. Acids have corrosive nature.

ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Hydronium ion
 What do all acids have in common
HCl
HCl HCl

H+ H+ Cl-
Water H+
Cl- Cl-

HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) This happens

because H+ ions
Separation of HCl into H+ and Cl- ions will be are not stable..
possible in presence of water. The process is
termed as ionization.
H+ + H2O H3O + (aq)
HYDRONIUM ION
 To investigate whether all the compounds containing hydrogen are acids.
The aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity due to the presence of
charged particles called ions in it.

Bulb is glowing Bulb Bulb does not glow

Bulb Battery

Battery Switch

Beaker Switch
Beaker
Nail

Nail
From
Dilute HCI this experiment we conclude that the hydrogen containing compounds
solution
such as glucose and alcohol are not acid because they do not dissociate in
Rubber cork
Rubber cork water to produce HSol
Glucose ions.
+ n
 Acids do not show acidic behavior in the absence of water
In absence of water, a substance will not form hydrogen ions and
hence will not show its acidic behavior
CuCl2(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4 (aq) + 2 HCl(g)
Moist itmuspaper
Dry litmus paper
Bent tube
one hold
stop cork
No Change
HCl gas

Take 0.5gm
Hydrogen ionsofcannot
copperexist
chloride
alone.
Test – tube Separation
salt
They in a test
will of HCl
tube.
always intoto
Add
combine H+itand
withfew
Cl–and
drops ions will hydronium
of form
conc. be possible
H2SO in
water 4. Test the
Concentrated Copper presence
ion O+ of water.
H3evolved
gas with wetTheand
process
dry
H2SO4 chloride is termed as ionization.
H + + H 2O →litmus
H3O+ papers.
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Bases and properties of bases
 BASES

Base which is soluble in water is also

called an alkali.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Calcuim hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]

Classification of acids and bases depending on the number of H+ and OH– ions

STRONG BASES:-
NaOH, KOH, NH3.
The bases which give more number of
HYDROXIDE IONS in aqueous solution are
called STRONG BASES.
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
WEAK BASES:- Eg.
NH4OH
The baseswhich gives less number of
HYDROXIDE IONS in aqueous solution
are called WEAK BASES.

NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)

 PROPERTIES OF BASES

1. Bases have bitter taste.

2. Bases feel soapy to touch.


3. Bases turns red litmus blue.

BAS
 PROPERTIES OF BASES

4. Base conduct in solution electricity

(They are electrolytes).
5. Bases react with some metals to
form hydrogen gas (only Al and
Zn)
2 NaOH + Zn Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
(aq) (s)
Sodium hydroxide Zinc Sodium zincate Hydrogen
(base) (metal) (salt) gas
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Chemical properties and uses of
bases
 PROPERTIES OF BASES

6. Bases react with acids to form salt and water

2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

(aq) (aq)
Sodium Sulphuric Sodium
Water
hydroxide(base) acid sulphate(salt)

7. Bases react with non-metal oxides to form salt and water.

Hence, non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

(aq) (g)

Calcium Carbon dioxide Calcium

Water
hydroxide(base) (non-metal oxide) carbonate(salt)
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Introduction of pH scale
 STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES

Strength of acids and bases is measured by a pH

In pH, p stands for potenz
scale. (strength in German)
 Universal indicator with different pH values
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Gastric
juice
  Lemon
juice
Pure water
pH = 7
 Milk of
magnesia
 Sodium
hydroxide
pH = 14

    
pH = 1 pH = 10
pH = 2

Gastric Sodium
Lemon Pure Milk of
juice hydroxide
juice water magnesia
Sr. Colour of pH Approximate Nature of
Solution
No. paper pH value substance
1. Saliva (before meal) Green 7.4 Basic
2. Saliva (after meal) Yellow 5.8 Acidic
3. Lemon juice Orange 2.5 Acidic
4. Colourless aerated drink Green 6 Acidic
5. Carrot juice Yellow 5.6 Acidic
6. Coffee Yellow 5 Acidic
7. Tomato juice Orange 4.1 Acidic
8. Tap water Green 6.9 Acidic
9. 1M NaOH Blue 13 Basic
10. 1M HCl Red 1 Acidic
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Importance of pH in everyday
life
 IMPORTANCE OF pH IN EVERYDAY
LIFE
Acid rain
pH range of human body is 7.0 to 7.8 .

When the pH of rain water is less than 5.6, the rain water is
acidic. When it flows in a river, it lowers the pH of river water.

Aquatic life is drastically affected due to acidic nature. Not

only that, when this type of rain water is absorbed by plants,
it affects their growth, the flowers and fruits they bear.
 Importance of pH in Tooth decay
Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth is
lower than 5.5
Tooth enamel is made up of calcium
hydroxyapatite
(a crystalline form of calcium phosphate)
Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids
by degradation of sugar and food particles
remaining in the mouth after eating.
Using toothpastes, which are generally
basic, for cleaning the teeth can neutralise
the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
 STOMACH
ACIDITY
• The human body : pH 7.35 to 7.45

• Hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach

helps in digestion of food. Due to too much
production of acid, causes pain and irritation

• The acidity, indigestion problems can be

controlled by adding basic substances
called ANTACIDS.
• Example : Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of
Basic substances that
Magnesia)
neutralizes acid in the
stomach.
 SOIL pH IN THE
BACKYARD
Most of the plants grow best when the pH of soil
is close to 7. If the soil is too acidic or too basic
(too alkaline), the plants grow badly or do not
grow at all. If the soil is acidic then it is
treated with materials like
quicklime (CaO)
Befor Afte
e r
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Self defence by animals and
plants
 SELF DEFENCE BY ANIMALS AND PLANTS THROUGH CHEMICAL WARFARE

When a honey–bee sting a person, it injects an acidic

liquid (Methanoic acid) to the skin.
When a wasp stings it injects an alkaline liquid into the
Also called formic acid
skin.
An ants sting injects methanoic
methanoic acid
acid into the skin of a
Manycausing
person animals andpain
burning plants protect themselves
from their enemies by
injecting painful and irritating acids and bases into their skin.
Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid
causing burning pain. Then the rubbing a mild base
A traditional remedy is rubbing
like
the baking soda
area with onleaf
the theofstung
the
area
dock of the
plant,skin
plant which
A traditional give relief
often
remedy is grows
rubbing
beside thewith
the area nettle
theinleaf
theofwild.
the
dock plant,
plant which often grows
beside the nettle in the wild.
 SALT
Types of salts: Acidic, Basic and Neutral salts

An acidic salt is formed by the neutralization

reaction between a strong acid and a weak base.
The pH of the aqueous solution of an acidic salt is
less than 7.
A basic salt is formed by a neutralization reaction
between a weak acid and a strong base. The pH of
an aqueous solution of such a basic salt is greater
than 7.
A neutral salt is formed by neutralization of a
strong acid by a strong base. The aqueous solution
of a neutral salt has pH equal to 7.
 ROCK
SALT

Deposits of solid salt are also found in several parts of the world.
These large crystals are often brown due to impurities. This is called
rock salt.
 CHLOR-ALKALI
PROCESS
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
Cl2 + – H2
(Water treatment, swimming (Fuels, margarine, ammonia for
pools, PVC, disinfectants, fertilisers)
CFCs pesticides)

Brine containing
Brine NaOH
Cl–
OH– Na– (De-greasing metals, soaps and
detergents, paper making,
H+ artificial fiber)

Membrane
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Bleaching Powder and it’s uses
• Baking soda and it’s uses
 BLEACHING
POWDER
Chlorine is produced during the electrolysis
of aqueous sodium chloride (brine).
This chlorine gas is used for the
manufacture of bleaching powder.
Bleaching powder is produced by the action
of chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2].
Ca(OH)2 + CaOCl2 +
Cl2 H2 O
 BLEACHING
POWDER
Bleaching powder is used –
for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry,
i for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for
bleaching washed clothes in laundry;

as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries;

ii and

iii to make drinking water free from germs.

 BAKING
SODA
The baking soda is commonly used in the kitchen for
making tasty crispy pakoras, etc. Sometimes it is
added for faster cooking.
The chemical name of the compound is sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). It is produced using
sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.

NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 NH4Cl + NaHCO3

On heating baking soda we get washing soda

2NaHCO3 Heat
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
ACIDS, BASES AND
SALTS
• Washing soda and it’s uses
• Water of Crystallisation
• Plaster of Paris and it’s uses
 WASHING SODA

Chemical formula : Na2CO3. 10H2O.

Chemical name : Sodium carbonate

2 NaHCO3 Heat Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Na2CO3 + 10H2O Na2CO3. 10H2O

 USES OF WASHING SODA

Sodium carbonate (washing soda) isglass,

Soap
usedand
inpaper
industries.
It is used in the manufacture of sodium
compounds
such as borax.
Sodium carbonate can be used as a
cleaning
agent for domestic purposes.
It is used for removing permanent
hardness of
water.
 WATER OF
CRYSTALLISATION
Water of crystallisation is the fixed number
of water molecules present in one formula
unit of a salt.
Example:
Copper sulphate : CuSO4. 5H2O

Gypsum : 2H22O
CaSO4. 2H O
WATER OF
CRYSTALLISATION

Water droplets

Copper sulphate cystals Boiling Tube

If your moisten the crystals
We heat
again withthe crystals,
water , you this
will
Burner water
find thatis blue
removed and
colour of the
the
salt turn
crystal white
reapears.
 PLASTER OF PARIS

On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules

and becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4.
1
2
H2O).
Plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with
water, it changes to gypsum once again giving a hard
solid mass.
2 CaSO4.2H2O + Heat 2 CaSO4. 2O H2O + 3 H2O
H1/2
Gypsum Plaster of Paris Water

Basically 2CaSO4 molecules are

CaSO4 1 H2O + 1 1 H2O CaSO4.2H2O
2 2 sharing 1H2O molecule hence
(Plaster of Paris) (Gypsum) CaSO4.1/2 H2O.
 USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It is use as plaster for supporting fractured
bones in the right position.
It is used for making toys.

It is use as materials for decoration

It is use for making surfaces smooth.

Thank You