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Ac Circuit

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47 views

Ac Circuit

Uploaded by

Joshua Manzanades
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC CIRCUIT

FUNDAMENTALS AND CONCEPTS


GENERATION OF ALTERNATING
EMFs

Where: N = the number of turns in the coil (unitless)


= rate of flux changes through the coil (maxwell/second)

Where:
B = flux density (lines per square inch)
l = length of the wire (inch)
v = velocity of the wire (inch/ seconds)
WHAT IS AC?

An alternating current (AC) is defined as one that continuously varies amplitude


and periodically reverses in polarity. This particular source to a circuit was advocated
by Nikola Tesla, a pioneer in AC theory. He is a Serbian-born American electrical
engineer and inventor.
AC FUNDAMENTAL

Why is the AC system predominant?


 Because more than 90% of electric energy is generated by AC machines;
 Because the generation of AC is more economical with large power plants;
 Because AC voltage can easily be changed to almost any desired value by means
a transformer.
SINGLE PHASE (1ϕ) SYSTEM

An alternating quantity either current or voltage which acts in alternate direction and
whose magnitude undergoes a definite cycle of change in definite interval of time.
GENERATION OF AC

The elementary AC generator consists of a conductor, or loop of wire in a magnetic


field that is produced by an electromagnet. The two ends of the loop are connected to
slip rings, and they are in contact with two brushes. When the loop rotates it cuts
magnetic lines of force, first in one direction and then the other.
GENERATION OF SINE-WAVE
OUTPUT
When the loop is in the vertical position, the coil sides are moving parallel to the field
and do not cut magnetic lines of force. In this instant, there is no voltage induced in
the loop. As the coil rotates in a counter-clockwise direction, the coil sides will cut
the magnetic lines of force in opposite directions. The direction of the induced
voltages depends on the direction of movement of the coil.
ALTERNATIING WAVE

-wave that varies in magnitude as well as direction periodically.

Samples of alternating waveforms


SINE WAVE
Complete Cycle
ELECTRICAL DEGREE AND
MECHANICAL DEGREE
electrical degree
= mechanical degree

1 Rev. = 360

Ex: Find the electrical degree’s of a 1 revolution of the ff:


1. 2 poles
2. 4 poles
3. 6 poles
4. P poles
1.
where f = frequency (1/s or Hz)
rps = revolution per seconds
if
FREQUENCY

Where:
f = frequency (cycles)
rpm = revolution per minute (cycle/min)
P = number of poles
Fundamental Formula For Wave

PERIOD – the time needed by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle.

Where:
T = period (s)
f = frequency (Hz)
Fundamental Formula For Wave

CYCLE – the smallest non-repeatable portion of a periodic waveform.


ALTERNATION - one half of a cycle
AMPLIFICATION – the maximum value (positive or negative) attained by an
alternating quantity in one cycle. This is also known as peak value.
FREQUENCY – the number of cycles made by the alternating wave in one second.
Standard unit for frequency is the Hertz(Hz), or cycles per second.
Fundamental Formula For Wave

WAVELENGTH – the length of a wave in one complete cycle.

Where:
λ = wavelength (meter per cycle)
f = frequency (Hz)
Vc = velocity of propogation
Vc = 3 x 10^8 meter/second for radio waves
Vc = 344 meter/second for sound waves
Ex:

What is the wavelength of a carrier wave with a frequency of 100 MHz?

Ans: 3 m
Ex:

The maximum value of the sinusoidal voltage wave generated in one coil of an
alternator is 12 volts. How many electrical degrees form the zero point in the cycle
(increasing positively) will the voltage be (a) +8.5 volts, (b) -8.5 volts?

Ans:
a. 45 degrees and 135 degrees
b. 225 degrees and 315 degrees
Ex:

An alternator has 6 poles. (a) At what speed must be machine be driven to develop 60
cycles? 25 cycles? (b) What frequency is developed if the speed is 1000 rpm? 1600
rpm?

Ans:
a. 1200 rpm & 500 rpm
b. 50 cycles & 80 cycles
PEAK FACTOR
Values Of A Sine Wave

INSTANTANEOUS VALUE is the of a sine wave at any instant of time. It is


denoted by lowercase letter v or i for voltage and current.
v = VmsinѲ
v(t) = Vmsinωt

i = ImsinѲ
i(t) = Imsinωt

ω = 2πf
Where:
Ѳ = the angle of rotation (radian)
ω = the angular velocity of a radius vector generating the waveform (radian/
sec)
t = time (second)
Vm = maximum voltage value (Volt)
Im = maximum current value (Ampere)
PEAK VALUE is the maximum value represented by Vm or Vp for voltage and Im or
Ip for current.

PEAK-TO-PEAK VALUE is the value from positive peak to the negative peak
represented by Vp-p for voltages and Ip-p for current.
AVERAGE VALUE is the arithmetic average of all the values in a sine wave for one
alternation, or a half-cycle.

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (RMS) OR EFFECTIVE VALUE (Veff or Ieff) is the


value of a sine wave at 45 deg which is 70.7% of the peak value.
Note: An alternating voltage with an rms value of 120 V, for instance, is just as
effective in heating a filament of a light bulb as 120 V from a steady dc voltage
source. For this reason, the rms value is also the effective value.
RMS VALUE

RMS or root mean square current/voltage of the alternating current/voltage represents


the d.c. current/voltage that dissipates the same amount of power(heat) as the average
power (heat) dissipated by the alternating current/voltage. For sinusoidal oscillations,
the RMS value equals peak value divided by the square root of 2.

The rated voltage of a typical outlet is 230 V which is a RMS value.


AVERAGE VALUE
FORM AND PEAK FACTORS

FORM FACTOR – the ratio of the rms value to the average value

PEAK FACTOR – the ratio of maximum value to the rms value.


Ex:

The instantaneous voltage of a single phase generator is given by the equation 300
sin wt. What is the rms voltage?

Ans: 212.1 V
Ex:

Find the average current of a sinusoidal current wave during the half cycle given the
instantaneous maximum current of 20 A.

Ans: 12.72 A
SUMMATION OF IN-PHASE
SINUSOIDAL WAVES
Maximum Voltage and Maximum Current

RMS Value
Ex:

Four incandescent lamps (resistors) having ratings of 50, 60, 75 and100 watts,
respectively, are connected in parallel and to a sinusoidal emf whose effective voltage
is 120. Calculate the current through each lamp and the total current.

Ans: 2.375 A
SUMMATION OF OUT-OF-PHASE
SINUSOIDAL WAVES
Where:
A and B = rms value of component waves
= angular displacement between A and B, elec deg
R = rms value of the resultant wave
Ex:

Two units, connected in parallel, are energized by an AC source. If the component


currents are 12 and 16 amp, respectively, and the corresponding sinusoidal waves are
out of phase by 60 elec deg, calculate the rms value of the total current.

Ans: 24.4 amp


POLAR COORDINATES

POLAR COORDINATES (r, Ѳ) refers to the coordinates of a point in a system of


coordinates where the position of a point is determined by the length of ray segment
(the radius vector) from a fixed origin (the pole) and the angle (the polar angle) the
ray (the vector) makes with a fixed line (the polar axis).
COMPLEX NUMBERS

RECTANGULAR FORM: z = x + jy
POLAR FORM: z = r(cosѲ + jsinѲ)
cis FORM or cjs FORM: z = rcisѲ = rcjs Ѳ
z=r∠Ѳ
EULER’S FORM: z = rejѲ
where:
z = complex number

Re(z) = x
Im(z) = y
Ex:

The voltage drops across two series-connected units A and B are 60 and 90 volts,
respectively. Assuming EA to be reference phasor, calculate the resultant voltage and
the angle it makes with the x-axis reference (a) if E B lags behind EA by 90 deg, (b) if
EB leads EA by 60 deg.

Ans:
a. 108.17 volts
b. 130.77 volts
Ex:

Three load units A, B, and C are connected in parallel and take currents that are
respectively 12, 10, and 15 amp. Assuming IA to be reference phasor, IB leads IA by 30
deg and IC lags behind IA by 65 deg. Calculate the total (resultant) current and the
angle it makes with the x-axis.

Ans: 28.3 amp


Ex:

A certain type of alternator (a so-called three-phase machine) generates three equal


sinusoidal emfs EOA , EOB , and EOC that are exactly 120 elec deg out of phase with one
another; this implies that the three phasor voltages must be drawn radially outward
from a common point O, with the angle between any two phasors equal to 120 deg.
Calculate the geometric sum of the three voltages.

Ans: Vr = 0 V
BASIC TYPES OF AC CIRCUIT
LOADS
PURELY RESISTIVE LOAD – the current flowing through a resistor is in-phase
with the voltage across it.
PURELY INDUCTIVE LOAD – the current flowing through a pure inductor lags
the voltage across it by 90 deg.
PURELY CAPACITIVE LOAD – the current flowing through a pure capacitor
leads the voltage across by 90 deg.

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