COURSE : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

BCSE306L (L-3,T-0,P-0,C-3)

Instructor : Dr. Tahir Mujtaba (53598)

Assistant Professor,
SCOPE, VIT Chennai
[email protected]
Cabin 5, Annexure Ground Floor AB IIIrd

1
COURSE OUTLINE
 DEFINITION OF AI ?
Intelligence: The ability to learn and solve problems”

–Webster’s Dictionary.

“Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software’

–Wikipedia

“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines”

–McCarthy

“The study and design of intelligent agents, where an intelligent agent is a system
that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of
success.”

– Russel and Norvig AI book.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in

AI APPROACHES/ VIEW OF AI
?
 AI APPROACHES /VIEWS OF AI
(contd)

Four main approaches to AI:

1. Systems that think like humans: These systems aim to replicate human cognitive
functions, such as reasoning, problem-solving, and learning. This approach involves
modeling human thought processes.
2. Systems that act like humans: These systems are designed to mimic human behavior.
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing, is a classic example of evaluating whether
a machine's behavior is indistinguishable from that of a human.
3. Systems that think rationally: These systems use logic to emulate human reasoning.
They focus on creating algorithms that reason correctly and make logical inferences.
4. Systems that act rationally: These systems aim to achieve the best outcome or
perform actions that are expected to maximize the performance measure. This
approach is often associated with intelligent agents that perceive their environment
and take actions to achieve specific goals.
 THINKING HUMANLY (THE COGNITIVE MODELLING
APPROACH)

• This approach aims to create systems that think in ways similar to human beings. It
involves cognitive modeling, understanding how humans think, and replicating those
processes in machines.
• The "Thinking Humanly" approach to AI focuses on creating systems that simulate
human thought processes. The goal is to understand and replicate how humans think,
reason, and solve problems. This approach is deeply rooted in cognitive science and
psychology.

• For Example :
• Neural Networks
• Virtual Assistants: AI systems like Siri or Alexa can understand and respond to
natural language commands by mimicking human language processing.
• Educational Tools: AI tutors can adapt their teaching methods based on how
students learn, providing personalized learning experiences.
THINKING HUMANLY (CONTD)
To understand the exact process of how we think, we need to go inside the human mind
to see how this giant machine works.
 THINKING HUMANLY (CONTD)

Introspection method – Catch our thoughts and see how it flows.

Psychological Inspections method – Observe a person on the action.
Brain Imaging method (MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) or fMRI (Functional
Magnetic resonance imaging) scanning) – Observe a person’s brain in action.
Using the above methods, if we are able to catch the human brain’s actions and give
it as a theory, then we can convert that theory into a computer program.

If the input/output of the computer program matches with human behavior, then it
may be possible that a part of the program may be behaving like a human brain.

The General Problem Solver (GPS) programme was created by Allen Newell and
Herbert Simon to simulate human thought and test whether it can answer issues by
using the same steps in reasoning as a person. The program’s goal is to solve the
problem using the same process that a human brain would use, not only to solve it
correctly.
 ACTING HUMANLY (THE TURING TEST APPROACH )
• This approach focuses on creating systems that behave like humans. It involves
passing the Turing Test, where a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior is
indistinguishable from that of a human.
• Example: A chatbot designed to pass the Turing Test, where it converses with
humans in natural language and aims to be indistinguishable from a human.
Examples include advanced chatbots like OpenAI's GPT-3 and GPT-4, which can
engage in realistic and meaningful conversations with users.

The Turing Test Approach

• It is proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was
designed to provide a satisfactory operational
definition of intelligence.
• A computer passes the test if a human
interrogator, after posing some written questions,
cannot tell whether the written responses come
from a person or from a computer.
ACTING HUMANLY (THE TURING TEST APPROACH )

• According to the Turing test the computer would need to possess the following
capabilities

o Natural language processing : to enable it to communicate successfully in English

o Knowledge representation : to store what it knows or hears;
o Automated reasoning : to use the stored information to answer questions and to
draw new conclusions;
o Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate
patterns.
o However, the so-called total Turing TOTAL TURING TEST includes a video
signal so that the interrogator can test the subject’s perceptual abilities, as well as
the opportunity for the interrogator to pass physical objects “through the hatch.”
To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will also need:
o COMPUTER VISION • computer vision to perceive objects, and
o ROBOTICS • robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
THINKING RATIONALY (LAWS OF THOUGHT APPROACH)
This definition is based on the laws of thought, specifically logic. It involves creating
systems that use logical reasoning to solve problems and make decisions.

• Example: An AI that helps with course scheduling by using logical rules. For instance,
the system can be programmed with rules like "If a student has taken Calculus I, they can
enroll in Calculus II," and it uses these rules to help students plan their classes.

• More Examples:

“Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.”

"All TVs use energy; Energy generates heat; ∴ all TVs generate heat.”
"All dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; ∴ all dogs have four legs".

• These arguments (like above) initiated the field called logic. Notations for statements for all
kinds of objects were developed and interrelated between them to show logic. By 1965,
programs existed that could solve problems that were described in logical notation and
provides a solution. In order to develop intelligence systems, programs, or computational
models, AI aspires to expand on such Programs.
ACTING RATIONALLY (THE RATIONAL AGENT
APPROACH)

• This definition emphasizes rational behavior, aiming to create systems that act to
achieve the best outcome or expected utility. Rational agents take actions to maximize
their performance measure given the available information.

• Example: An autonomous vehicle designed to navigate and drive safely by

making rational decisions based on its sensors and environment. The vehicle uses
algorithms to maximize safety and efficiency, such as avoiding obstacles, obeying
traffic laws, and optimizing routes.
• Another example is a chess-playing AI like Deep Blue, which acts rationally to
make the best possible moves to win the game.
AI
SUBFIELDS
 AI SUBFIELDS (CONTD)
1. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
NLP focuses on the interaction between computers and humans through natural language. It
encompasses various tasks and applications that enable machines to understand, interpret,
and respond to human language.
a. Text Generation
The creation of coherent and contextually relevant text by machines, often using
techniques like neural networks and transformers.
b. Text Classification
Assigning predefined categories or labels to text documents based on their content,
used in applications like spam detection and sentiment analysis.
c. Question Answering
Systems that automatically answer questions posed by humans in natural language,
often using large databases or pre-trained models to find relevant information.
d. Machine Translation
The automatic translation of text from one language to another, using statistical, rule-
based, or neural network-based approaches.
e. Context Extraction
Identifying and extracting relevant context or meaning from text, such as named entity
recognition (NER) and sentiment analysis.
 AI SUBFIELDS (CONTD)
2. Planning
Planning involves formulating and executing strategies or actions to achieve specific goals,
often in dynamic and uncertain environments.
a. Fuzzy Logic
A form of many-valued logic dealing with reasoning that is approximate rather
than fixed and exact, used to handle the concept of partial truth in planning and decision-
making processes.
3. Computer Vision
Computer vision enables machines to interpret and make decisions based on
visual data from the world, such as images and videos.
a. Object Detection
Identifying and locating objects within an image or video, often using techniques
like convolutional neural networks (CNNs).
b. Image Recognition/Classification
Classifying images into predefined categories based on their content, such as
identifying objects, scenes, or activities.
 AI SUBFIELDS (CONTD)
4. Speech Recognition
Speech recognition technology enables machines to recognize and
process human speech, converting spoken language into text and vice versa.
a. Text to Speech
The conversion of written text into spoken words using synthetic speech
generation technologies.
b. Speech to Text
The conversion of spoken language into written text, using algorithms and
models to transcribe audio input accurately.
5. Robotics
Robotics involves the design, construction, operation, and use of robots,
which are capable of performing tasks in the physical world. This includes
areas like autonomous navigation, manipulation, and interaction with humans
and environments.
 AI SUBFIELDS (CONTD)
6. Expert Systems
Expert systems are AI programs that mimic the decision-making abilities
of a human expert. They use rule-based systems to solve specific problems
within a particular domain, providing solutions or recommendations based
on a set of predefined rules and knowledge.
7. Machine Learning (ML)
Machine learning is the study of algorithms and statistical models that
enable computers to perform tasks without explicit instructions, by learning from
data and making predictions or decisions.
a. Deep Learning
A subset of machine learning involving neural networks with many layers
(deep neural networks), capable of learning complex patterns and
representations from large datasets. Deep learning is widely used in tasks like
image and speech recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous
driving.
THE BUZZ
WORDS
APPLICATIONS OF AI
 APPLICATIONS OF AI (CONTD)

1. Healthcare
a. Medical Diagnosis
AI systems analyze medical data to diagnose diseases and conditions, often with high
accuracy and speed.
b. Drug Discovery
AI accelerates the discovery of new drugs by predicting how different compounds will
interact with targets in the body.
2. Finance
a. Fraud Detection
AI algorithms detect unusual patterns and behaviors to identify and prevent fraudulent
activities in financial transactions.
b. Algorithmic Trading
AI models analyze market data and execute trades at optimal times, often faster and
more accurately than human traders.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI

3. Transportation

a. Autonomous Vehicles
AI enables vehicles to navigate and operate without human intervention,
improving safety and efficiency.
b. Logistics
AI optimizes supply chain management, including routing, warehousing, and
delivery processes.

4. Customer Service

a. Chatbots
AI-powered chatbots provide instant responses and support to customers,
handling inquiries and issues efficiently.
b. Personalized Recommendations
AI analyzes user data to offer tailored product or service suggestions,
enhancing the customer experience.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI

5. Education

a. Personalized Learning
AI systems adapt educational content to the individual needs and pace of
each student, improving learning outcomes.
b. Automated Grading
AI tools grade assignments and exams quickly and accurately, freeing up
time for educators.

6. Entertainment

a. Content Creation
AI generates new content, such as stories, music, and art, often
indistinguishable from human-created works.
b. Recommendation Systems
AI recommends movies, music, and other media based on user preferences
and viewing habits.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI

7. Manufacturing

a. Predictive Maintenance
AI predicts equipment failures before they occur, allowing for timely
maintenance and reducing downtime.
b. Quality Control
AI systems inspect products for defects during manufacturing, ensuring high
quality and consistency.

8. Retail

a. Inventory Management
AI optimizes stock levels, reducing excess inventory and preventing stockouts.
b. Customer Insights
AI analyzes consumer data to understand purchasing behavior and preferences,
informing marketing strategies.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI
9. Security

a. Surveillance
AI analyzes video footage in real-time to detect suspicious activities and enhance public safety.
b. Cybersecurity
AI identifies and mitigates cyber threats by analyzing network traffic and identifying anomalies.

10. Agriculture

a. Precision Farming
AI optimizes crop management by analyzing data on soil conditions, weather, and plant health.
b. Automated Harvesting
AI-powered machinery automates the harvesting process, improving efficiency and reducing labor
costs.

11. Robotics

a. Industrial Robots
Robots perform repetitive and hazardous tasks in manufacturing, improving efficiency and safety.
b. Service Robots
Robots assist with tasks in healthcare, hospitality, and customer service, enhancing service delivery.
c. Exploration Robots
Robots explore environments that are inaccessible or dangerous for humans, such as space or deep-
 APPLICATIONS OF AI
12. Generative AI

a. Art and Design

AI creates original artworks and design concepts, pushing the boundaries of creative
expression.
b. Text Generation
AI produces human-like text for applications such as writing articles, stories, and social
media posts.
c. Music Composition
AI composes original music pieces, often collaborating with human musicians.
d. Synthetic Media
AI generates realistic images, videos, and audio, often used in media production and
entertainment.
 CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF AI
Artificial Intelligence is all about building intelligent machines from vast volumes of
data and getting them to perform human-like tasks, leading to an enhancement in speed,
precision, and effectiveness of human efforts.
CLASSIFICATION OF AI (CONTD)

Based on Capabilities - Narrow AI :

 It also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform beyond
its limitations.
 It targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that spectrum.
 Narrow AI applications are becoming increasingly common in our day-to-day
lives as machine learning and deep learning methods continue to develop.
 Examples : Apple Siri, Alexa, IBM Watson, Google Translate, Image
Recognition, Recommendation Systems, Spam Filtering, Google Page
Ranking .....
CLASSIFICATION OF AI (CONTD)

Based on Capabilities - General AI

• General AI, also known as strong AI
• It can understand and learn any intellectual task that a human being can It can learn,
perceive, understand, and function entirely like a human
• It allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different contexts.
CLASSIFICATION OF AI (CONTD)
Based on Capabilities - Super AI
• Super AI surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task better than a
human.
• The concept of artificial super intelligence sees AI evolved to be so akin to
human sentiments and experiences that it doesn’t merely understand them;
• It also evokes emotions, needs, beliefs, and desires of its own. Its existence is still
hypothetical.
• Some of the critical characteristics of super AI include thinking, solving
puzzles, making judgments, and decisions on its own.
CLASSIFICATION OF AI (CONTD)
Based on Functionalities - Reactive Machines
• It is the primary form of AI that does not store memories or use past
experiences to determine future actions.
• It works only with present data. They perceive the world and react to it.
• Reactive machines are provided with specific tasks, and they don’t have
capabilities beyond those tasks.
• Example :
• IBM’s Deep Blue that defeated chess grand master Garry Kasparov in
1997. It could see all the chessboard pieces and kept reacting to each
situation with a new move without storing data for the previous move.
• Based on Functionalities - Limited Memory
• Limited Memory AI trains from past data to make decisions. The memory of
such systems is short-lived.
• They can use this past data for a specific period of time, but they cannot add it
to a library of their experiences. [ Example : Self Driving Vehicles]
• It observes how other vehicles are moving around them, at present, and as time
passes.
CLASSIFICATION OF AI (CONTD)
Based on Functionalities - Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI, although mostly hypothetical at the moment, represents an
exciting potential. By definition, it shall understand humans as entities who have
emotions, sentiments, and thoughts. While many improvements have been made in
the field, the Theory of Mind remains an undeveloped area.
 Examples
 Kismet(real world example) is a robot head made in the late 90s by a
Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher.
 It can mimic human emotions and recognize them.
 Both abilities are key advancements in theory of mind AI, but Kismet can’t
follow gazes or convey attention to humans.
 Sophia from Hanson Robotics is another example where the theory of mind AI
was implemented. Cameras present in Sophia’s eyes, combined with computer
algorithms, allow her to see. She can sustain eye contact, recognize individuals,
and follow faces.
CLASSIFICATION OF AI (CONTD)
Based on Functionalities - Self Awareness
• The most advanced form of AI, these systems have their own
consciousness, self-awareness, and the ability to understand their own
existence. This type of AI does not yet exist and remains a theoretical
concept.

• Such systems understand their internal traits, states, and conditions and
perceive human emotions.
GOAL AND HISTORY OF
AI
Goal of AI
To Create Expert Systems : The systems which exhibit intelligent
behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines : Creating systems that
understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

History/ Evolution of AI
Year Milestone / Innovation
1923 Karel Čapek play named “Rossum’s Universal Robots” (RUR)
opens in London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni,
coined the term Robotics.
 History/Evolution of AI

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence

1950 and published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude
Shannon published Detailed Analysis of
Chess Playing as a search.
John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence.
1956
Demonstration of the first running AI program at Carnegie
Mellon University.
1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.
Danny Bobrow’s dissertation at MIT showed that computers
1964
can understand natural language well enough to solve
algebra word problems correctly.
1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA,
an interactive problem that carries on a dialogue in English.
1969 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey,
a robot, equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy,
1973
the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate
and assemble models.
 Goal and History/Evolution of AI

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle,

Stanford Cart, was built.
1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.
Major advances in all areas of AI
Significant demonstrations in machine learning Case-based reasoning
Multi-agent planning Scheduling
Data mining, Web Crawler
1990 natural language understanding and translation Vision, Virtual Reality
Games

1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the

world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
Interactive robot pets become commercially available.
2000 MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions.
The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates
meteorites.
 Goal and History/Evolution of AI
Early 2000s: Rise of Machine Learning and Big Data

2001 IBM's Watson development begins, focusing on natural language processing and
question answering.
2006 Geoffrey Hinton introduces the concept of Deep Belief Networks, revitalizing
interest in deep learning
2009 Google Brain project begins, aiming to create large-scale artificial neural
networks using Google's vast computing infrastructure.

2010s: Breakthroughs in Deep Learning and AI Applications

2012 AlexNet, a deep convolutional neural network, wins the ImageNet Large Scale
Visual Recognition Challenge, significantly outperforming previous approaches
and sparking a surge in deep learning research.

2012 Google acquires DeepMind, which later demonstrates the success of deep
reinforcement learning with its AI system playing Atari games

2015 OpenAI is founded with the goal of promoting and developing friendly AI for
the benefit of humanity.
 Goal and History/Evolution of AI
2016 DeepMind's AlphaGo defeats world champion Go player Lee Sedol, marking a
major milestone in AI's ability to handle complex strategy games.
2017 The transformer model is introduced in the paper "Attention is All You Need,"
revolutionizing natural language processing and leading to the development of
powerful language models like BERT and GPT.
Late 2010s to 2020s: AI Integration and Advancements in Generative Models

2018 Google Duplex demonstrates an AI system that can make human-like phone calls
to schedule appointments, showcasing advancements in conversational AI.
2019
OpenAI releases GPT-2, a language model capable of generating coherent and
contextually relevant text, raising both excitement and ethical concerns

2020 OpenAI releases GPT-3, one of the largest and most powerful language models
to date, capable of performing a wide range of tasks with impressive human-like
text generation.

2021 DeepMind's AlphaFold achieves significant breakthroughs in protein folding,

predicting the 3D structure of proteins with remarkable accuracy, which has
profound implications for biology and medicine.
 Goal and History/Evolution of AI
2022 The launch of DALL-E 2 by OpenAI, an advanced generative model that creates
highly realistic images from textual descriptions, demonstrating the potential of
AI in creative fields.
2023 Google Bard and Microsoft Copilot integrate large language models into
everyday applications like search engines and productivity tools, making
advanced AI capabilities more accessible to the public.

Ongoing Trends and Future Directions

AI Ethics and Governance
Fairness and Bias Mitigation: Developing methods to ensure AI systems make fair and unbiased
decisions.
Transparency and Explainability: Creating AI systems whose decision-making processes can be
easily understood and explained.
Regulation and Standards: Establishing global standards and regulations for the ethical use of AI.

Edge AI
On-Device Processing: Implementing AI algorithms directly on devices (like smartphones and IoT
devices) to reduce latency and enhance privacy.
Energy Efficiency: Designing AI models that require less computational power and energy.
 Goal and History/Evolution of AI
AI in Healthcare
Personalized Medicine: Tailoring medical treatments to individual patients based on their
genetic information and lifestyle.
Predictive Analytics: Using AI to predict disease outbreaks and patient outcomes.
Robotic Surgery: Enhancing precision in surgeries with AI-driven robotic systems.

Natural Language Processing

Multilingual Models: Developing models that can understand and generate text in multiple
languages.
Contextual Understanding: Improving AI's ability to understand context and nuance in
human language.

Autonomous Systems
Autonomous Vehicles: Advancing self-driving cars, trucks, and drones for commercial and
personal use.
Industrial Automation: Increasing the use of AI-driven robots in manufacturing and
logistics.

AI in Environmental Sustainability
Climate Modeling: Using AI to predict climate change impacts and develop mitigation
 Goal and History/Evolution of AI
Quantum AI
Quantum Computing: Leveraging quantum computing to solve complex problems more
efficiently than classical computers.
Quantum Machine Learning: Developing new machine learning algorithms that run on
quantum computers.
Generative AI
Creative Applications: Using AI to create art, music, and literature, pushing the boundaries of
human creativity.
Synthetic Data Generation: Generating realistic synthetic data for training machine learning
models, addressing data privacy and scarcity issues.
AI in Security
Cybersecurity: Enhancing threat detection and response with AI-driven systems.
Surveillance: Improving the accuracy and efficiency of surveillance systems with AI.
AI in Finance
Automated Trading: Developing more sophisticated algorithms for high-frequency trading.
Fraud Detection: Using AI to detect and prevent financial fraud.
AI in Education
Personalized Learning: Creating adaptive learning systems that tailor educational content to
individual student needs.
Automated Grading: Implementing AI systems to assist with grading and providing feedback.
AI in Law
Legal Research: Using AI to assist with legal research and document analysis.
Predictive Justice: Developing systems to predict legal outcomes and assist in decision-making.