LEARNING

GOALS
1. Differentiate the type of images
formed by mirrors and lenses
2. Identify practical applications of
mirrors and lenses
3. Apply ray diagramming techniques
in describing the characteristics
and positions of images formed by
lenses and mirrors
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 5.00 cm tall light bulb is placed at a distance of
45.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal
length of 10.5 cm. Determine the image distance
and the image size?
2. A 4.0 cm tall light bulb is placed at a distance of
35.5cm from convex mirror having a focal length of -
12.2 cm. Determine the image distance and the image
size.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. What is the focal length of a convex mirror that
produces an image that appears 15.0 cm behind the
mirror when the object is 27.5 cm from the mirror?

4. An object is located 3.0 cm in front of a concave

mirror whose radius of curvature is 12 cm. Find the
focal length of the mirror and the position of the
image.
LENSES
AND
IMAGES
 TYPES OF LENS

converging lens diverging lens

“bi-convex” “bi-concave”
has two convex surfaces has two concave surfaces
 CONVEX LENSES
 Thicker in the center than
edges.
 Lens that converges (brings
together) light rays. “MAGNIFIER“
 Forms real images and
virtual images depending
on position of the object
 CONCAVE LENSES
 Lenses that are thicker
at the edges and
thinner in the center.
“DE-MAGNIFIER“
 Diverges light rays
 All images are
erect and reduced.
 THE FOCAL LENGTH OF
LENSES
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
Focal length f
f
-

F
F

+
f

The focal length f is positive for a real focus

(converging) and negative for a virtual focus.
 THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS
Since light can pass through a lens in either direction, there
are two focal points for each lens.
Left to right The principal focal point F
F F F F is shown here. Yellow F is
the other one.
Right to left

F
F F
Now suppose light moves from
F
right to left instead . . .
 TYPES OF CONVERGING
In order for a lens toLENSES
converge light, it must be thicker
near the midpoint to allow more bending.

Double-convex lens Plano-convex lens Converging

meniscus lens
 TYPES OF DIVERGING
In order for a lens toLENSES
diverge light, it must be thinner
near the midpoint to allow more bending.

Double-concave lens Plano-concave lens Diverging

meniscus lens
 TAKE A
LOOK…
O Lens
axis
Near Far Focus
Focus

CONVERGING LENS
 TAKE A
LOOK…
O Lens
axis
Near Far Focus
Focus

DIVERGING LENS
 IMAGE
Ray A CONSTRUCTION:
Ray 1: A ray parallel
1: ray parallel to
to lens
lens axis
axis passes
passes through
through the
the far
far focus
focus of
of
aa converging
converging lens
lens or
or appears
appears to
to come
come from
from the
the near
near focus
focus of
of aa
diverging
diverging lens.
lens.
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
Ray 1 Ray 1

F F
 IMAGE
Ray 2: A CONSTRUCTION:
Ray 2: A ray passing
ray passing through
through the
the near
near focal
focal point
point of
of aa converging
converging lens
lens
or
or proceeding
proceeding toward
toward the the far
far focal
focal point
point of
of aa diverging
diverging lens
lens isis
refracted
refracted parallel
parallel to
to the
the lens
lens axis.
axis.
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
Ray 1 Ray 1
Ray 2

F F
Ray 2
 IMAGE
Ray 3: A CONSTRUCTION:
Ray 3: A ray passing
ray passing through
through the
the center
center of
of any
any lens
lens continues
continues in
in aa
straight
straight line.
line. The
The refraction
refraction at
at the
the first
first surface
surface isis balanced
balanced by
by the
the
refraction
refraction atat the
the second
second surface.
surface.
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
Ray 1 Ray 1
Ray 3
Ray 2

F F
Ray 2
Ray 3
 IMAGES TRACING
Draw
Draw an
an arrow
arrow to
POINTS
to represent
represent the
the location
location of
of an
an object,
object, then
then draw
draw any
any
two
two of
of the
the rays
rays from
from the
the tip
tip of
of the
the arrow.
arrow.The
The image
image isis where
where lines
lines
cross.
cross.

1. Is the image erect or inverted?

2. Is the image real or virtual?
• Real images are always on the opposite
side of the lens. Virtual images are on
the same side.
3. Is it enlarged, diminished, or same size?
 REVIEW
O Lens
axis
Near Far Focus
Focus
REVIEW
Diverging Lens

F
 REVIEW
Converging Lens Diverging Lens

F F
Complete
Complete the
the table
table below
below by
by drawing
drawing the
the ray
ray diagram
diagram
IMAGE
Location of Location Orientation Size Type
object (upright or inverted) (same, reduced or (real or virtual)
enlarged)

Convex Lens
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Concave Lens
F.
G.
H.
 A. OBJECT IS BEYOND 2F
Real; inverted;
F 2F
diminished

2F F

1. The image is inverted, i.e., 2. The image is real, i.e., formed by

opposite to the object actual light on the opposite side
orientation. of the lens.

3. The image is diminished in size, i.e., Image

Image isis located
located between
between
smaller than the object. FFand
and 2F
2F
 B. OBJECT AT 2F
Real; inverted;
F 2F
same size

2F F

1. The image is inverted, i.e., 2. The image is real, i.e., formed by

opposite to the object actual light on the opposite side
orientation. of the lens.

3. The image is the same size as the Image

Image isis located
located at
at 2F
2Fon
on
object. other
other side
side
C. OBJECT BETWEEN 2F AND
F Real; inverted;
F 2F
enlarged

2F F

1. The image is inverted, i.e., 2. The image is real, i.e., formed by

opposite to the object actual light on the opposite side
orientation. of the lens.

3. The image is enlarged in size, i.e., Image

Image isis located
located beyond
beyond
larger than the object. 2F
2F
 D. OBJECT AT FOCAL
LENGTH F Parallel rays; no
F 2F image formed

2F F

When
When the
the object
object isis located
located at
at the
the focal
focal length,
length, the
the rays
rays
of
of light
light are
are parallel.
parallel. TheThe lines
lines never
never cross,
cross, and
and no
no
image
image isis formed.
formed.
 E. OBJECT INSIDE F
F 2F

2F F
 E. OBJECT INSIDE F
Virtual; erect;
F 2F enlarged
2F F

1. The image is erect, i.e., same 2. The image is virtual, i.e.,

orientation as the object. formed where light does
NOT go.

3. The image is enlarged in size, i.e., Image

Image isis located
located on
on near
near
larger than the object. side
side of of lens
lens
 OBJECT AT INFINITY
Real; inverted;
diminished

1. The image is inverted, i.e., 2. The image is real, i.e., formed by

opposite to the object actual light on the opposite side
orientation. of the lens.

3. The image is diminished in size, i.e.,

smaller than the object. Image
Image isis located
located at
at FF
 DIVERGING LENS
All
All images
IMAGING
images formed
formed by
by diverging
diverging lenses
lenses are
are erect,
erect, virtual,
virtual,
and
and diminished.
diminished. Images
Images get
get larger
larger as
as object
object approaches.
approaches.

Diverging Lens Diverging Lens

F F
Review of Image Formations

Virtual;
Real;
Real; erect;
inverted;
inverted;
F Parallel rays; no
F 2F
F 2F
2F enlarged
diminished
same
enlarged
size
image formed
2F 2F
2F F F
F

Object Outside 2F Region

 SAME SIGN CONVENTION AS FOR
MIRRORS
1. di and do are positive for real images 1 1 1
and negative for virtual images. + =
do di 𝑓
2. hi and M are positive for erect; negative
M=
for inverted images

3. The f and the radius of curvature R are positive for

converging lens or mirrors and negative for diverging
lens or mirrors.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A magnifying glass consists of a
converging lens of focal length 25
cm. A bug is 8 mm long and
placed 15 cm from the lens. What
is the size of the image?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. A 4.0 cm tall object is placed
50.0 cm from a diverging lens of
focal length 25.0 cm. What is the
nature and location of the image?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 15.0 cm object is placed 60.0
cm from a convex lens, which has
a focal length of 15.0 cm. What is
the nature and location of the
image?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 15.0 cm object is placed 30
cm from a diverging lens that
has a focal length of 10 cm.
What is the nature and location
of the image?
 THINK!
How is our life
affected by light
energy?