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Domains of The Earth

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30 views18 pages

Domains of The Earth

Uploaded by

adeeti peter
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Domains of the

Earth
The Four Domains of the Earth

1. Lithosphere: The solid portion of the


earth
2. Atmosphere: The gaseous layers that
surround the earth
3. Hydrosphere: Water covers a very big
area of the earth’s surface and this area
is called the Hydrosphere
4. Biosphere: It is the narrow zone where
land, water and air together are found.
Lithosphere

1. The outermost part of the Earth which consists of Upper


Mantle and Crust of the Earth is known as Lithosphere.
2. Tectonic plates are a subdivision of Lithosphere.
3. Lithosphere has rigid mechanical properties. Pedosphere
is the uppermost part of the lithosphere which reacts
chemically with other 3 other major domains of earth
namely; hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere.
4. Thickness – about 100 km.
There are Two Main Divisions
of the Earth’s Surface

• Continents – the large landmasses.


• The Highest Mountain Peak on this earth is
Mount Everest. The current official elevation is
8,848 metres above sea level. The elevation was
measured and established by an Indian survey
conducted in 1955. The border between Nepal
and China runs across its summit points.
• Ocean basins – the huge water bodies.
• Mariana Trench is the deepest Oceanic
trench on Earth. The deepest portion is at
11,034 metres. Mariana Trench is located
in the Pacific Ocean. Mariana Trench is
69 km in width and 2550 km in length.
Mariana Trench derives its name from the
nearby Mariana Islands which is located
at around 200 km from the Mariana
Trench in the Pacific Ocean.
• Continents
• There are seven major continents and
these are separated by large water bodies.
1. Asia

1. The largest continent on Earth is Asia.


2. Asia is also the most populous continent on earth i.e. it is home to
approximately 60% of the world’s population as of 2019.
3. Asian continent occupies approximately 30% of the Earths total
land area.
4. To the south of the Asian continent lies the Indian Ocean, to its
North lies the Arctic Ocean and to its East lies the Pacific Ocean.
5. Asia and Africa are separated by the Suez Canal.
6. Asia and Europe are separated by the Black Sea and the Caspian
Sea.
2. Africa

1. The 2nd largest continent on Earth in Africa. Africa covers 20% of the
Earths total land area.
2. Africa is also the 2nd most populous country on Earth.
3. A large part of Africa lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
4. The Equator, Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn passes through
Africa. It holds the distinction of the only continent having all 3 latitudes
passing through it.
5. Worlds longest river Nile is in Africa. It has 2 main tributaries and passes
through 11 countries. It flows from Tanzania located in South of Africa
and flows till Egypt located in the North of Africa. This is a Northward
flowing river and is around 6650 km long.
6. The largest hot desert on Earth is the Sahara Desert which is located in
Africa. It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the West, to the Red Sea
located in the East. The Sahara Desert covers a large part of the African
Continent. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the North of Sahara Desert.
3. Europe

1. Europe is the 6th largest continent of Earth, occupying


around 2% of the surface of the Earth.
2. Russia is the largest country in the European continent.
3. Western Civilization was born in Europe.
4. Atlantic Currents has the biggest influence on the
European Continent.
5. To the South of Europe lies the Atlantic Ocean, to the
North of Europe lies the Arctic Ocean, to the West of
Europe lies the Atlantic Ocean.
North America

1. North America is the third largest continent in


the world.
2. The continent lies completely in the Northern
and Western Hemisphere.
3. The Isthmus of Panama a narrow strip links
North America and South America.
4. This continent is surrounded by three oceans and
they are the Atlantic Ocean, the
Pacific Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean.
South America

1. There are 12 Sovereign States in South America.


2. This Continent is located in the Southern Hemisphere. In terms of
total area, South America is the 4th largest continent.
3. The Pacific Ocean is located to the West of South America.
4. To the East of South America lies the Atlantic Ocean.
5. Brazil is the most populous country in South America.
6. The Andes Mountain is the worlds longest above water Mountain
range and it is located in South America.
7. The worlds largest river is the Amazon river and it is located in South
America.
6. Australia

1. Australia is the smallest continent that


lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.
2. It is surrounded on all sides by the
oceans and seas.
3. It is called an island continent.
Antarctica

• Antarctica is a huge continent and lies


completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
1. The South Pole lies in the South Polar Region
almost at the centre of this continent and is
permanently covered with thick ice sheets.
• Various countries have their research stations
here. India also has its permanent research
base stations here, namely Maitri, Dakshin
Gangotri, and Bharati.
Hydrosphere

1. The hydrosphere includes water on earth in


Oceans, Seas, Rivers, Lakes and even in
frozen forms.
2. Only 2.5% of Earths water is freshwater.
And even in this 2.5%; approximately 69%
is in the form of snow and ice.
3. 97.5% of Earths water is salt water, which
is unfit for human consumption.
4. Approximately 71% of the Earth surface is
covered by oceans.
Oceans

1. The three chief movements of ocean waters are the waves, the tides and the ocean
currents.

2. Oceans are the major part of the hydrosphere and they are all interconnected.

3. The Five Major Oceans in order of their size are


1. the Pacific Ocean: It is almost circular in shape. Asia, Australia, North
and South America surround it.
2. the Atlantic Ocean: It is the second-largest ocean in the world. It is ‘S’
shaped. It is flanked by the North and South Americas on the western
side, and Europe and Africa on the eastern side.
3. the Indian Ocean: It is the only ocean named after a country, that is,
India. The shape of the ocean is almost triangular. In the north, it is
bound by Asia, in the west by Africa and in the east by Australia.
4. the Southern Ocean: It surrounds the continent of Antarctica
5. the Arctic Ocean: It is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds
the North Pole. The Bering strait a narrow stretch of shallow water
connects it with the Pacific Ocean.

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