Learning Objectives

o Discuss the properties of mean, median and mode.

o Compute the different measures of dispersion for both
grouped and ungrouped data.
o Discuss the uses, characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of measures of dispersions.
o Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
o Analyze and interpret the data presented in the table using
measures of central tendency.
o Advocate the use of statistical data in making important
decisions.
o Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage
numerical data.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Learning Objectives
o Analyze and interpret the data presented in the table using
measures of central tendency.
o Advocate the use of statistical data in making important
decisions.
o Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage
numerical data.
o Use linear regression to predict the value of a variable given
certain conditions.
o Apply correlation to determine the relationship between two
variables.
o Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
o Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
o Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.
o Support the use of mathematics in various aspects and
endeavors in life.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Topic Outline

I. Introduction to Data Management

II. Measures of Central Tendency
III. Measures of Dispersion
IV. Measures of Relative Position
V. Probabilities and Normal Distributions
VI. Linear Regression and Correlation

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Measures of Central Tendency

 a single value that represents a data set.

 Its purpose is to locate the center of a data set.

 commonly referred to as an average.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Properties of Mean

 A set of data has only one mean

 Applied for interval and ratio data

 All values in the data set are included

 Very useful in comparing two or more data sets.

 Affected by the extreme small or large values on a data set

 Cannot be computed for the data in a frequency

distribution with an open-ended class

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Arithmetic Mean

 The only common measure in which all values plays an

equal role meaning to determine its values you would need
to consider all the values of any given data set.

X X bar (for sample)

μ mu (for population)

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Mean for Ungrouped Data

Sum of all values

Mean 
Number of values

Sample Mean: X
 X
n

Population Mean: 
 X
N

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 1
The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc. are
₧550, ₧420, ₧560, ₧500, ₧700, ₧670, ₧860, ₧480. Find the
mean daily rate of employee.

Solution:

X
 X X
 1  X2  X3    X n
n n
550  420  560  500  700  670  860  480 4,740
   592.50
8 8

The sample mean daily salary of employees is ₧592.50

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 2
Find the population mean of the ages of 9 middle-
management employees of a certain company. The ages
are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution:


 X X
 1  X2  X3    X n
N N

53  45  59  48  54  46  51  58  55 469
   52.11
9 9
The mean population age of middle-management employee
is 52.11.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Median
 The midpoint of the data array

Note: Data Array is a data set arranged in order

whether ascending or descending

 Appropriate measure of central tendency for data that

are ordinal or above, but is more valuable in an ordinal
type of data.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Properties of Median
 It is unique, there is only one median for a set of data

 It is found by arranging the set of data from lowest or

highest (or highest to lowest) and getting the value of the
middle observation

 It is not affected by the extreme small or large values.

 It can be computed for an-open ended frequency

distribution

 It can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Median for Ungrouped Data

 If n is odd, the median is the middle ranked

 If n is even, then the median is the average of the two

middle ranked values

n 1
Median (Rank Value )  th
2

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 1
Find the median of the ages of 9 middle-management
employees of a certain company. The ages are 53, 45, 59,
48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution:

Step 1: Arranged the data set in order.

45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution
Step 2: Select the middle rank.

n  1 9  1 10
Median (Rank Value )    5
2 2 2

Step 3: Identify the median in the data set.

45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

5th

Hence, the median age is 53 years.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 2
The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc. are
₧550, ₧420, ₧560, ₧500, ₧700, ₧670, ₧860, ₧480. Find the
median daily rate of employee.

Solution:
Step 1: Arranged the data set in order.
420, 480, 500, 550, 560, 670, 700, 860

Step 2: Select the middle rank.

n 1 81 9
Median (Rank Value )     4.5
2 2 2

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution
Step 3: Identify the median in the data set.

420, 480, 500, 550, 560, 670, 700, 860

4.5th

Get the average of the two values.

550  560 1,110

Median    555
2 2

Therefore, the median daily rate is ₧555.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Properties of Mode

 It is found by locating the most frequently occurring value

 the easiest average to compute

 There can be more than one mode or even no mode in

any given data set

 It is not affected by the extreme small or large values

 It can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

data

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Mode

 The value in a data set that appears most frequently

 A data may not contain any mode if none of the values is

most typical.

Unimodal  With 1 mode

Bimodal  With 2 modes
Multimodal  With more than 2 modes

No mode  Without mode

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 1

The following data represent the total sales for Condominium

units from a sample of 10 Real Estates for the month of August:
15, 17, 10, 12, 13, 10, 14, 10, 8, and 9. Find the mode.

Solution:
The ordered array for these data is

8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17

Lowest to Highest

Therefore the mode is 10.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 2
An operations manager in charge of a company’s
manufacturing keeps track of the number of manufactured 55”
LED Television in a day. Compute for the following data that
represents the number of LED Television manufactured for the
past three weeks: 20, 18, 19, 25, 20, 21, 20, 25, 30, 29, 28, 29,
25, 25, 27, 26, 22, and 20. Find the mode of the given data set.

Solution:
The ordered array for these data is
18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29,
30

There are two modes 20 and 25.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 3
Find the mode of the ages of 9 middle-management
employees of a certain company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48,
54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution:
The ordered array for these data is

45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

Therefore is no mode.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Weighted Mean

 It is useful when various classes or groups contribute

differently to the total.

 It is found by multiplying each value by its corresponding

weight and dividing by the sum of the weights.

where: x w  weighted mean.

wi = corresponding weight.
xi = the value of any particular observations or
measurement.
Example 1

Frequency

At the Advertising Company in Makati City there are

18 staff members, 12 supervisors, 7 assistant
managers, and 3 managers. Their monthly salaries
are ₧30,500, ₧33,700, ₧38,600, and ₧45,000. What is
the weighted mean salary?

Weight
Solution

Let w1 = 18 w2 = 12 w3 = 7 w4 = 3
x1 = 30,500 x2 = 33,700 x3 = 38,600 x4 = 45,000

30,500 (18 ) +33,700 ( 12 ) +38,600 ( 7 ) +45,000 ( 3 )

𝑥𝑤 =
18+12+7 +3
1,358,600
  33,965
40
The weighted mean salary is ₧33,965.
 Example 2

Riana’s first quarter grade is shown in the table below. Use the
weighted mean formula to find Riana’s GPA for the first quarter.

Subjects English Mathematics Filipino Science P.E. Religion

Grade 90 87 88 93 95 96
Units 3 3 3 3 2 1

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution

Let w1 = 3 w2 = 3 w3 = 3 w4 = 2 w5 = 1
x1 = 90 x2 = 87 x3 = 88 x4 = 95 x5 = 96

90 ( 3 ) +87 ( 3 ) + 88 ( 3 ) +95 ( 2 )+ 96 (1) 1,088

𝑥𝑤 = = =90.67
3+ 3+3+ 2+1 12

The GPA for the first quarter is 90.67.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example 3

A certain subdivision in Laguna consists of 50 homes. The table

shows the frequency distribution of homes with respect to the
number of bedrooms it has. Find the mean number of
bedrooms for the 50 homes.

No. of Bedrooms 2 3 4 5 6
No. of Homes 13 21 10 4 2

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution

Let w1 = 2 w2 = 3 w3 = 4 w4 = 5 w5 = 6
x1 = 13 x2 = 21 x3 = 10 x4 = 4 x5 = 2

𝑥𝑤 =¿ ¿
The weighted mean of bedrooms per home is 3.22.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Whatever exist at all exist in some
amount…and whatever exists in
some amount can be measured.
– Edward L.
Thorndike

Copyright 2018:
Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.