CHAPTER 4

COMPUTING
COMPONENT
Students should be able to:

• Describe the computer components

• Explain the advantages and services of cloud computing
• Define a bit, and describe how a series of bits represents data
• Differentiate among the various types of memory
• Describe the purpose of adapter cards and USB adapters
• Explain the function of a bus
• Explain the purpose of a power supply and batteries

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 2

r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Inside the Case

• The case contains and protects the electronics of the

computer or mobile device from damage

Pages 276 - 277 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 3
Figure 6-1 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Inside the Case

Page 278 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 4

Figure 6-2 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Inside the Case

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

computer
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Pages 278 - 279 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 5
Figure 6-3 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
• A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or
more separate processor cores
• Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic
unit (ALU)

Pages 280 - 281 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 6
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

Page 281 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 7

Figure 6-4 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Page 281 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 8

r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle

Pages 281 - 282 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 9
Figure 6-5 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 10
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
• FETCHING – process of obtaining a program or an
application instruction or data item from memory

• DECODING – process of translating the instruction

into signals the computer can execute

• EXECUTING – process of carrying out the

commands

• STORING – writing the result to memory (not to a

storage medium)
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 11
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing of

all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Pages 282 - 283 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 12
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

Page 283 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Processors

• A processor chip generates heat that could cause

the chip to malfunction or fail
• Require additional cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling technology
– Cooling pads

Page 284 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 14

Figures 6-6 – 6-7 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 15
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Cloud Computing

• Home and business users choose cloud computing

The expense of softwar
for a variety of
Data and/or applications
reasons and high-end hardware
are available worldwide such as fast processors a
from any computer or high capacity memory an

Accessibility
device with an Internet
connection Cost savings storage devices, shifts aw
from the user.

Space
Scalability
storage devices, savings
Floor space required for servers,
and other Provides the flexibility to
hardware shifts away from the increase or decrease
user. computing requirements as
Page 287 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied oneeded. 16
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Data Representation

Analog signals are continuous and vary in

strength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on

or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
Page 288 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 17
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Data Representation
The circuitry in a computer or mobile Eight bits grouped together as a
device represents the on or the off unit are called a byte. A byte
states electronically by the presence represents a single character in the
or absence of an electronic charge computer or mobile device

Pages 288- 289 18

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o
Figures 6-8 – 6-9 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Data Representation

Page 289 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 19

Figure 6-10 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
processed and the
system and other Applications
resulting
programs
information
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied
Page 290 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, 20
in whole or in part.
Memory

• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes
(GB) or terabytes (TB)

Page 290 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 21

Figure 6-11 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• Computers and mobile devices contain two types of

memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents
power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM
flash memory, and CMOS

Page 290 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 22

r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

Page 291 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 23

Figure 6-12 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• Two common types of RAM exist:

Dynamic RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)
(DRAM)

Page 292 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 24

Table 6-1 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots

Page 293 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 25

Figure 6-13 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 26
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Page 294 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 27

Figure 6-14 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

Read-only memory (ROM)

refers to memory chips storing
permanent data and instructions
• Firmware - permanent software
programmed into a read-only memory.

Page 294 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 28

r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• Flash memory a type of non-volatile memory that

can be erased electronically and rewritten
– CMOS technology uses battery power to retain
information when when the power to the computer is
off.
– Battery-baked CMOS memory chips, for example can
keep the calendar, date, and time current even when
the computer is off.
– The flash memory chips that store a computer’s
startup information often use CMOS technology.
Pages 295- 296 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 29
r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Memory

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

Page 296 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 30

Table 6-2 and Figure 6-15 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Adapters
• An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
a desktop or server system
unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals
– Eg: Sound card and video card
• An expansion slot is a
socket on a desktop or
server motherboard that
can hold an adapter card

Pages 297 - 298 31

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o
Table 6-3 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Adapters

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can recognize peripheral devices as you install
them

Pages 297 - 298 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 32
Figure 6-16 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Adapters

• A USB adapter enhances functions of a mobile

computer and/or provides connections to
peripheral devices

Pages 298 - 299 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 33
Figure 6-17 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Buses

• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
one another Transfer actual data
Transfer information about
where the data should – Data bus
reside in memory
– Address bus
• Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at a
given time
Pages 299 - 300 34
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o
Figure 6-18 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
 Buses

• A computer might have these three types of

buses:
Front side bus (FSB), is
part of the System Backside Connects the processor
motherboard and
connects the processor bus bus to cache
to main memory

Expansion Allows the processor to

communicate with
bus peripheral devices

Page 300 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 35

r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Power Supply and Batteries

• The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts

the wall outlet AC power into DC power

Page 301 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 36

Figure 6-19 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Power Supply and Battery

• Mobile computers and devices can run using

either a power supply or batteries
• Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries

Pages 301 – 302 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 37
Figure 6-20 r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
Summary

Types of processors,
Various components Advantages and
steps in a machine
inside computers services of cloud
cycle, and processor
and mobile devices computing
cooling methods

How memory stores

Adapters, buses, Ways to care for
data and described
power supplies and computers and
various types of
batteries mobile devices
memory

Page 305 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied o 38

r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in