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Fundamentals of Computer

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30 views

Fundamentals of Computer

Uploaded by

mu904307
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTALS

OF
COMPUTER
Basic Concepts
Information Processing System

 DATA
is a collection of independent and unorganized facts.

 INFORMATION
is the processed and organized data presented in a
meaningful form.

 DATA PROCESSING
is the course of doing things in a sequence of steps.
Information Processing System

 COMPUTER
is an electronic machine that follows a set of
instructions in order that it may be able to
accept and gather data and transform these
into information.
Information Processing System

DATA PROCESSING INFORMATION


SYSTEM
Functions of Information Processing
System

 It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)


 It processes data to become information.
(PROCESSING)
 It stores data and information. (STORE)
 It presents information. (OUTPUT)
Three Major Components of an
Information Processing System

 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer


system.
 SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells

the computer how to do its job.


 PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and

operate the computer system, write computer


programs, and analyze and design the
information system.
Types of Computers
 MAINFRAME are large general purpose
computers.
 MINICOMPUTER perform multi-tasking and
allow many terminals to be connected to their
services.
 MICROCOMPUTER (Personal Computer) is
most widely used especially at home because
of its affordable price and manageability.
MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS

MINICOMPUTERS

MICROCOMPUTERS/
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Basic Units of Measurement

 BIT
is a unit of information equivalent to the result
of a choice between only 2 possible alternatives
in the binary number system.
 BYTE
is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent
one character of alphanumeric data) processed
as a single unit for information.
Basic Units of Measurement

 A byte can be used to represent a single


character, which can be:
◦ A letter
◦ A number
◦ A special character or symbol, or
◦ A space
Basic Units of Measurement

1,024 BYTES = 1 Kilobyte (KB)


1,024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB)
1,024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1,024 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB)
Basic PC Hardware
 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer
system.
Basic PC Hardware

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)


 Memory Unit
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Secondary Storage Devices
1. Central Processing Unit
 Brain of the computer.
 It directs and controls the entire computer

system and performs all arithmetic and


logical operations.

BACK
2. Memory Unit
Where the programs and data are stored .

READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains


the pre-programmed computer
instructions such as the Basic Input
Output System (BIOS).

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is


used to store the programs and data
that you will run. Exists only when there is power.

BACK
3. Input Devices
In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment) used to provide data
and control signals to an Information Processing
System such as a computer
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Microphone
 Webcam
 Scanner
 Touch Screen LCD/LED Monitor
 Image Capturing Devices
Keyboard
 Traditional keyboards
 Flexible keyboards
 Ergonomic keyboards
 Wireless keyboards
 PDA keyboards
Two Types of Mouse
 Mechanical:
a type of computer mouse
that has a rubber or metal
ball on its underside and it
can roll in every direction.
 Optical:

This type uses a laser for


detecting the mouse's
movement.
How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC

 PS/2 Mouse

 Serial Mouse

 USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing Devices

 Trackball

 Track point

 Touch pad

 Touch Screen
 Joystick – input device for
computer games

 Light Pens – light-sensitive


pen like device

 Stylus – pen like device


commonly used with tablet
PCs and PDAs.
Scanning Devices
 Optical scanners
 Card readers
 Bar code readers
 Character and mark recognition devices
Image Capturing Devices
 Digital Cameras

 Digital Video Cameras

BACK
4. Output Devices
 Media used by the computer in displaying
its responses to our requests and
instructions.
 Monitor
 Audio Speakers
 Printer
Types of Monitor

 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

 Light Emitting Diode (LED)


Printers

 IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by physically


striking the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel printers,
line printers, dot matrix printers & band
printers.
 NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply

pressure on the paper but instead produces


character by using lasers, ink spray,
photography or heat.
Dot matrix
printer

Laser
printer Inkjet printer

BACK
5. Secondary Storage Devices

 Attached to the computer system to allow you


to store programs and data permanently for
the purpose of retrieving them for future use.
 Hard disk, CD Rom
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk

 Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks


 Holds a greater amount of data

◦ 10MB in 1980s
◦ 600MB in mid 1990s
◦ 4.3GB in 1999
◦ 180GB in 2001
◦ 400GB - 2004
Optical Discs
 A standard part of modern desktop machines,
especially used for multimedia purposes and
preferred in loading applications.
Optical Discs
 Compact Disk-CD (0.7-0.9)GB
 Digital Versatile Disk-DVD (4.7-17)GB
 Blue Ray Disk-BD (25-128)GB
Optical Discs

 CD-ROM read CDs


 CD-Writer read/write CDs
 DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
 DVD Writer read/write CDs, read/write
DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
 Solid-State Storage
◦ No moving parts
◦ Flash memory cards

◦ USB flash drives


Assembling a System Unit
 Casing or Cover  Sound card
 Power Supply  Floppy disk drive
 Motherboard  Hard disk drive
 Microprocessor  CD-ROM drive
 Memory  Modem
 Video Card
Casing or Cover

 The box or outer shell


that houses most of the
computer, it is usually
one of the most
overlooked parts of the
PC.
 Protects the computer
circuits, cooling and
system organization.
Power Supply
 Responsible for powering every device in
your computer.
 Parts of a Power supply:

◦ Disk drive connectors


◦ Motherboard connector
◦ Power supply fan
◦ Power switch
◦ Input voltage selector
◦ Cover
◦ Power plugs receptacle
Motherboard
 The physical arrangement in a computer
that contains the computer’s basic circuitry
and components.
 Components are:

◦ Microprocessor
◦ (Optional) Coprocessors
◦ Memory
◦ Basic Input/output System (BIOS)
◦ Expansion Slot
◦ Interconnecting circuitry
M
O
T
H
E
R
B
O
A
R
D
Expansion Slots
 Graphic Cards
 Sound Cards
 Modem Cards
 Network Interface Cards/Network Adapter
Ports
 Serial ports – mouse, keyboard, modem
 Parallel ports – printers
 Universal serial bus (USB) – replacing serial

and parallel
 Firewire ports – faster than USB
Software

 Instructions that tell the computer how to


process data into the form you want.
 Software and programs are interchangeable.
 Two major types:

◦ System and Applications


Kinds of Software
1. System Software enables the application software
to interact with the computer hardware.
 Operating Systems are programs that coordinate
computer resources, provide an interface between
users and the computer; and run applications.
 Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
 Device drivers are specialized programs designed to
allow particular input or output devices to
communicate with the rest of the computer system.
Functions of a System Software
 Managing resources (memory, processing,
storage, and devices like printer).
 Providing user interface
 Running applications
Kinds of Software

Applications Software - provides the real


functionality of a computer. It help you use
your computer to do specific types of work.
 Basic Applications, widely used in all career
areas.
 Specialized Applications, more narrowly focused
on specific disciplines and occupations.
DOS and GUI Operating System
Disk Operating System
 DOS was the first widely installed operating
system for personal computers.
 Command-driven
MS-DOS Commands

 A COMMAND is the name of a special


program that makes your computer carry out
a task.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 Through GUI, users can interact directly with


the operating system.
 Microsoft Windows
 Icons, Menus, Dialog boxes
FILES
 FILE is simply a collection of information that
you store on a disk or diskette.
 Must have a unique name
 Two parts: the filename and extension

separated by a period.
RECIPE.DOC
EXTENSIONS
 Use extension to make your filenames more
descriptive.
◦ FILENAME.DOCX – M.S. Word documents
◦ FILENAME.XLSX – M.S. Excel documents
◦ FILENAME.PPTX – M.S. PowerPoint documents
DIRECTORIES
 One way of organizing the files on your
computer Hard Disk
 ROOT – one basic directory
 Subdirectories

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