1

CELLULAR AND
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
S
 TEXT
2
BOOKS
1.Mobile and Cellular Telecommunications-W.C.Y.Lee
Tata McGraw Hill, 2 nd Edition,2006.
2.Mobile Cellular Communication– Gottapu
Sasibhushana Rao,, Pearson Education,1 stEdition,
2013.
 UNIT
3
-I
 INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO
SYSTEMS:
Basic Cellular System
operations of cellular
systems Call establishment
Operational channels
Performance criteria
concept of Digital cellular
system
Hexagonal shaped cells, Frequency Reuse, Cell
splitting Sectoring, Microcell zone concept
 Basic Cellular System
4

A basic cellular system consists of

three subsystems.
A mobile unit,
A cell site,
and
A mobile
telephone
switching
office
(MTSO)
 Basic Cellular System
5
6

Mobile units:
A mobile telephone unit contains a control unit, a
transceiver, and an antenna system.
Cell site:
The cell site provides interface between the MTSO and
the mobile units.
It has a control unit, radio cabinets, antennas, a power
plant, and data terminals.
7

MTSO:
The switching office, the central coordinating element for
all cell sites,
contains the cellular processor and cellular switch.
It interfaces with telephone company zone offices, controls
call processing, provides operation and maintenance, and
handles billing activities.
The cellular switch, switches calls to connect mobile
subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the
nationwide telephone network.
Its processor provides central coordination and cellular
administration.
8
OPERATION OF CELLULAR
SYSTEMS
Operations of Cellular Systems can be categorized
as:

1.Operation Procedures

2. Maximum Number of Calls Per Hour Per Cell

3. Maximum Number of Frequency Channels Per

Cell
Operation
Procedures
The operation can be divided into four parts and a handoff procedure.

A. Mobile unit initialization

 When a user activates the receiver of the mobile unit, the receiver scans the
set-up channels. It then selects the strongest and locks on for a certain
time.
 This self-location scheme is used in the idle stage and is user-
independent. It has a great advantage because it eliminates the load on
the transmission at the cell site for locating the mobile unit.
 The disadvantage of the self-location scheme is that no
location
information of idle mobile units appears at each cell site.
Operation
Procedures
B. Mobile Originated Call
 The user places the called number into an originating register in the mobile unit,
and
pushes the “send” button.
 A request for service is sent on a selected set-up channel obtained from a self-
location scheme.
 The cell site receives it, and in directional cell sites (or sectors), selects the best
directive
antenna for the voice channel to use.
 At the same time, the cell site sends a request to the mobile telephone switching
office (MTSO) via a high-speed data link.
 The MTSO selects an appropriate voice channel for the call, and the cell site acts on
it through the best directive antenna to link the mobile unit.
Operation
Procedures
C. Network Originated Call

 A land-line party dials a mobile unit number. The telephone company zone
office
recognizes that the number is mobile and forwards the call to the MTSO.

 The MTSO sends a paging message to certain cell sites based on the mobile
unit
number and the search algorithm.
 Each cell site transmits the page on its own set-up channel. If the mobile unit is
registered, the registered site pages the mobile.
 The mobile unit recognizes its own identification on a strong set-up channel, locks
onto it, and responds to the cell site.
 The mobile unit also follows the instruction to tune to an assigned voice channel
Operation
Procedures
D. Call termination
 When the mobile user turns off the transmitter, a particular signal
(signaling tone) transmits to the cell site, and both sides free the voice
channel.
 The mobile unit resume monitoring pages through the strongest
set-up
channel.

Handoff
procedure
Maximum Number of
Frequency Channels Per Cell
EXAMPLE : Let the maximum calls per hour Qi in one cell be 3000 and an
average calling time T be 1.76 min. The blocking probability B is 2 percent.
Then we may use Q from Eq. 1 to find the offered load A.

With the blocking probability B =2 percent, the maximum number of

channels can be found from Appendix A as N = 100 .
 2G Mobile Systems
15
(Digital Cellular Systems)
Digital cellular technology
Digital multiplexing-TDMA,CDMA
Developed in Europe and the US
Offer support for simple non-voice services like SMS
(short messaging service)
Speed up to 64kbps
Systems using 2G
GSM,
TDMA(IS-136)
CDMA(IS-
95)
 2G Mobile Systems
16

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz
(IS-136 TDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA).
IS-136 referred to as Digital AMPS
(DAMPS).
CDMA(IS-95)
IS-95 is based on CDMA/DSSS and
FDMA. 800 MHz & 1900 MHz bands.
 Features of 2G Mobile Technology
17

Digital system,
Better voice quality,
Higher capacity,
Lower power
consumption.
Short Messaging
Service
 Features of 2G Mobile Technology
18
 Network Structure(Digital Cellular
19 System)
 BTS,BSC and
20
MSC
 BTS & BSC: Base Transceiver System Base
and
Station Controller. Radio signal
transceiver, a connection between handset
and MSC
 MSC: Mobile services Switching Center,
switching center of the GSM network, and
connect to other networks
 Database
21
s
 HLR : Home Location Register, contains static information of subscribers
and location update data
 VLR : Visitor Location Register, embedded in MSC to avoid
delay, contains current location information of handsets.

 AUC : Authentication Center, stores secret keys for authentication

and encryption of the radio channel

 EIR : Equipment Identity Register, contains a list of all valid

mobile
equipment in the network, by its International Mobile
Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
 ANALOG VS DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEMS

FEATURE ANALOG DIGITAL

TRAFFIC CH VOICE USE FM VOICE ENCODED IN

DIGITAL FORMAT

PROCESSING MORE DIFFICULT EASIER BY USING

MODEM

ENCRYPTION NO SECURITY PROVIDES THIS

CAPABILITY

NOISE MORE NOISY INHERENTLY LESS

NOISY
 ANALOG VS DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEMS (contd)

FEATURE ANALOG DIGITAL

ERROR DETECTION NO SUCH SUCH CAPABILITY

AND CORRECTION FACILITY.SO PROVIDED.SO
VOICE WAS NOT VOICE IS CLEAR
CLEAR
CHANNEL ACCESS ONE CH TO ONLY ONE CH SHARED BY
ONE USER.EACH NO OF USERS USING
CELL SUPPORTS A TDMA/CDMA
NO OF FIXED CH.
COMPATIBILITY NOT COMPATIBLE COMPATIBLE WITH
WITH OTHER COMPUTERS
DEVICES /COMPUTERS N/W
WHICH USE DIGITAL
FORMAT.
 ANALOG CELLULAR SYSTEM
• 1 G / First Generation Cellular system.
• Evolved in early 80s.
• Called AMPS – ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM
• Released in 1983.
• Employed in North & South America, China, Australia etc.

General Specifications

• Base Stn Tx Band 869-894 M Hz

• M U Tx Band 824-849 M Hz
• Spacing between FCh & RCh 45 M Hz
• Channel Bandwidth 30 K Hz
• No of Full Duplex Ch 790
• No of Full Duplex Control Ch 42
 1G Mobile
Standards
• NMT (Nordic mobile Telephone)
Used in Nordic countries , Switzerland, Netherland, eastern Europe
and Russia.
• AMPS( Advance Mobile Phone system)
Used in United State
• CDPD(total access communication
system)
Used in United Kingdom.
Chronology of 1G wireless
system
• 1970 : Developments of radio & computer technology
for
800/900 MHZ mobile communication.
• 1976: WARC (world administrative
Radio Conference ) allocates spectrum for
cellular radio.
• 1979: NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph)introduces the first
cellular system in Japan.
• 1981: NMT 900 system introduces by
Ericsson Radio system AB & develop in
scandinavia(region of Europe).
 concept of Digital cellular system

DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM –(GSM)

• GSM –GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS.
• YEAR INTRODUCED 1990
• ACCESS METHOD TDMA
• BASE STN TX CH 935-960 M Hz
• M U TX CH 890-915 M Hz
• SPACING BETWEEN FWD AND REV CH 45 M Hz
• CH BANDWIDTH 200 K Hz
• NO OF DUPLEX CH 125
• MU MAX POWER 20 W
• USERS PER CH 8
• MODULATION GMSK
• CARRIER BIT RATE 270.8
• SPEECH CODING BIT RATE Kbps 13
• FRAME SIZE Kbps
4.6 ms
How does cellular system
work?
Base stations provide wireless connectivity
to mobile users
 Each base station limits control to its
small geographical area (2-3 sq. km)
or cell.
 High capacity of cellular network is
achieved:
🞑 by limiting the coverage to the cell
🞑 By using concept of Frequency reuse

🞑 However, frequencies are reused in cells

quite far away to minimize interference
 Steps in telephone call made to Mobile
User

Base
Incoming Stations
Telepho
ne Call
to Mobile
X

Step 2,
1 6

Mobile 5
Switching
Center
4 3,
7
Mobile
X
PST
N
Cellular Process in call to Mobile
User
Step 1 Incoming telephone call is received by
MSC Step 2 MSC dispatches request to all BSs
Step 3 BSs broadcast MIN over FCC
Step 4 Mobile acknowledges over RCC to
local BS Step 5 BS relays mobile reply to MSC
Step 6 MSC instructs local BS to initiate call
Step 7-1 BS signals mobile to use unused
channel* Step 7-2 Alert is transmitted over
FVC to ring mobile*
* Simultaneous process
 Steps in telephone call made from mobile
user

Mobile
Switching 3
Center

PST
N 1 Telephone
Call Placed
by Mobile
X
 Cellular Process in call from
mobile user
Step 1-1 Mobile dials MIN of called party to BS
Step 1-2 Mobile transmits SCM* to show signal
power Step 2 BS receives data and sends it to
MSC
Step 3-1 MSC validates request
Step 3-2 MSC connects to called party via
PSTN Step 4 MSC validates unused channel to
mobile
* Station class mark
The SCM (Station Class Mark) is a 4 bit number which holds three different pieces
of information. Your cellular telephone transmits this information (and more) to the
 Performance
Criteria
Voice Quality
a set value x at which y percent of customers
rate the system voice quality (from transmitter to
receiver) as good or excellent, the top two
circuit merits (CM) of the five listed below.

33
 Performance
Criteria

34
 Service Quality
The system should serve an area as large
as possible.
The transmitted power would have to be
very high to illuminate weak spots with
sufficient reception, a significant added
cost factor.
The higher the transmitted power, the harder
it becomes to control interference

35
 Number of dropped calls.
A high drop rate could be caused by either coverage
problems or handoff problems related to
inadequate channel availability.

Performance Criteria
Special
Features call
forwarding,
call waiting,
voice stored
(VSR) box,
automatic roaming, or navigation services
NO EXTRA COST
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ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS
DESIGN
 The limitation in the cellular system is the frequency resource,
the challenge is to serve the greatest number of customers
with a specified system quality.
 Based on the concept of efficient spectrum utilization, the cellular
mobile radio system design can be broken down into many
elements, and each element can be analyzed and related to the
others.
The major elements are
 The concept of frequency reuse channels

 The Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor

 The desired carrier to interference ratio

 The handoff mechanism, and

 Cell splitting
The concept of frequency reuse channels:

 A radio channel consists of a pair of frequencies, one for each

direction of transmission that is used for full- duplex
operation.
 A particular radio channel, say F1, used in one geographic zone
as named it a cell, say C1, with a coverage radius R can be used
in another cell with the same coverage radius at a distance D
away.
 Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile
radio system.
 In this frequency reuse system, users in different geographic
locations
(different cells) may simultaneously use the same frequency
channel.
 The frequency reuse system can drastically increase the
spectrum efficiency, but if the system is not properly
designed, serious interference may occur.
 Interference due to the common use of the same channel is called
co- channel interference and is our major concern in the concept of
Frequency Reuse
Concept
Different Cluster
Sizes
The concept of frequency
reuse channels : N-cell reuse
Pattern
 Cochannel Interference
Reduction
• q= D/R Factor
• D = f(KI, C/I)
• where KI is the number of cochannel
interfering cells in the first tier and
• C/I is the received carrier‐to‐interference ratio
at the desired mobile receiver
The maximum number of KI in the first
tier can be shown as six (i.e.,
2piD/D » 6).
where qk is the cochannel interference reduction factor with
kth cochannel interfering cell
• The propagation path loss is 40dB/dec
• Hence,
• q = (6* C/I) ^1/r
• = (6 * 63.1) ^ 1/6 = 4.41
• C/I = 18dB is measured by the
acceptance of voice quality from
the present receivers.
Handoff
mechanism
Cell
splitting
 Cell Splitting
66

Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells such that
each smaller cell has its own base station with Reduced antenna height and Reduced
transmitter power. It increases the capacity of a cellular system since number of times
channels are reused increases.

Cell splitting is a method in which congested (heavy traffic) cell is subdivided into
smaller cells, and each smaller cell is having its own base station with reduction in
antenna height and transmitter power. The original congested bigger cell is called
macrocell and the smaller cells are called microcells. Capacity of cellular network can be
increased by creating micro-cells within the original cells which are having smaller
radius
than macro-cells, therefore, the capacity of a system increases because more
channels per
unit area are now available in a network
67