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Inorganic Solids

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147 views11 pages

Inorganic Solids

Uploaded by

ramya.serb
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Novel Inorganic Solids

https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2020/08/introduction-to-semiconductors.html
Syllabus
Unit 1:
Basic introduction to solid-state chemistry: Semiconductors, different types of semiconductors and their applications.
Synthesis of inorganic solids: Conventional heat and beat method, Co-precipitation method, Sol-gel method, Hydrothermal
method, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Ion-exchange and Intercalation method.

Unit 2:

Characterization techniques of inorganic solids: Powder X-ray Diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–
Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyser, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

Unit 3:
Cationic, anionic and mixed solid electrolytes and their applications. Inorganic pigments – coloured, white and black pigments.
One-dimensional metals, molecular magnets, inorganic liquid crystals.
(Lectures: 10
Unit 4:
Nanomaterials: Overview of nanostructures and nanomaterials, classification, preparation and optical properties of gold and
silver metallic nanoparticles, concept of surface plasmon resonance, carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanowires, Bioinorganic
nanomaterials, DNA and its nanomaterials, natural and artificial nanomaterials, self-assembled nanostructures, control of
nanoarchitecture, one dimensional control.

Unit 5:
Composite materials: Introduction, limitations of conventional engineering materials, role of matrix in composites, classification,
matrix materials, reinforcements, metal-matrix composites, polymer-matrix composites, fibre-reinforced composites, bio-
nanocomposites, environmental effects on composites, applications of composites.
Unit 6:
Speciality polymers: Conducting polymers - Introduction, conduction mechanism, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyaniline
and polypyrrole, applications of conducting polymers, ion-exchange resins and their applications.

Ceramic & Refractory: Introduction, classification, properties, manufacturing and applications of ceramics, refractory and
superalloys as examples.
(Lectures: 10)
Basic introduction to solid-state chemistry: Semiconductors, different types of semiconductors and their applications
•Examples of Semiconductor materials are Silicon, Germanium, Gallium Arsenide etc., where Silicon is the most commonly
used.
•Gallium arsenide stands as the second-best semiconductor material and is used in solar cells, laser diodes, microwave
frequency integrated circuits etc.
•Pure semiconductors normally belong to the 4th column of the periodic table and thus have an equal number of electrons &
holes in their valance shell(which is 4).
•So, in pure form, there's no free electron or hole available for the conduction of electricity and thus it acts as an insulator.

•By a process called Doping, impurity is added to the pure semiconductor material, which generates either free electron or
hole in it and the semiconductor material starts acting as a conductor.
•An increase in temperature can also provide enough energy to charge carriers and they can break their covalent bonds and
start conducting(In pure conductors, resistivity increases with an increase in temperature).

•If a semiconductor material is doped with both trivalent & pentavalent impurities, then both P-Type & N-Type regions are
created in a single substance.
•As a result, a special barrier is created at the boundary of these two regions, which stops the flow of charge carriers and is called
the PN Junction.
Types of semiconductors:
There are numerous Semiconductor materials available, a few of them are as follows:
•As few semiconductors have high thermal conductivity and are thus used as a cooling agent in thermoelectric applications.
•Microcontrollers/Microprocessors have revolutionized the world and are considered as the base of Embedded Systems.
•These embedded controllers have nano transistors(semiconductor component) embedded in them, acting as smart switches.

Synthesis of inorganic solids: Conventional heat and beat method, Co-precipitation method, Sol-gel method, Hydrothermal
method, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Ion-exchange and Intercalation method

Inorganic substances are a group of chemicals that contain no carbon


Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from single elements and any other compounds that don't contain
carbon bonded to hydrogen

•table salt or sodium chloride, NaCl


•diamond (pure carbon)
•silver
Some metal compounds, such as metal oxides or salts, require extreme conditions, such as high temperatures and
pressure, to initiate reactions in a molten flux or a rapidly condensing vapor phase. This process is often referred to as
“shake and bake” or “heat and beat” chemistry.

Coprecipitation: salts of different metals are precipitated together ( as low solubility solids). Either a solid solution or an intimate
mixture of two salts.
Coprecipitation is the process by which two or more particles are precipitated out of solution together. This can happen when the
particles have a similar charge, when they are attracted to each other, or when they are both trying to avoid being in contact with
the solvent.
That is, the impurity is precipitated along with the desired product, even though the solubility of the
impurity has not been exceeded

Coprecipitation tends to be worst in colloidal precipitates such as BaSO 4, Al(OH)3, and


Fe(OH)3, which all have a large surface area. Many procedures call for washing away the
mother liquor, redissolving the precipitate, and reprecipitating the product. During the second
precipitation, the concentration of impurities in solution is lower than during the first precipitation, and the degree of
coprecipitation therefore tends to be lower.
Occasionally, a trace component is intentionally isolated by coprecipitation with a major
component of the solution. The precipitate used to collect the trace component is said to be a
gathering agent, and the process is called gathering. Natural arsenic in drinking water in
Bangladesh is a significant health hazard. One way to remove arsenic is by coprecipitation
with Fe(OH)3.7 Fe(II) or Fe(s) is added to the water and oxidized in air for several hours to
precipitate Fe(OH)3. After filtration through sand to remove solids, the water is drinkable

In coprecipitation, a substance whose solubility is not exceeded precipitates along with another substance whose solubility is
exceeded. For example, some Pb2 might become adsorbed on the surface of the Hg2I2 crystal or might even
occupy sites within the crystal. O
Sol-gel method

The sol-gel process is a more chemical method (wet chemical method) for the synthesis of various
nanostructures, especially metal oxide nanoparticles.

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