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Chapter 4 DE40023 DIS 2020 Part 1

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6 views12 pages

Chapter 4 DE40023 DIS 2020 Part 1

Uploaded by

muhamad reduan bin abu bakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEO 40023

OPTOELECTRONIC
Chp. 4 – Optical Detector Part 1…

Muhamad Reduan B. Abu Bakar


JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK (JKE)
Optical detector

• Detect light and convert into electrical signal.

• Classified as thermal detector or photon detector


depending on how the electrical signal is generated.

• Thermal detector : optical power is absorbed by a sensor


element, causing rise in the element’s temperature which
is then converted into voltage.

• Photon detector: light absorbed in the detector material


directly creates charge carriers, which give rise to the
photocurrent and signal voltage.
Optical detector
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
OPTICAL DETECTOR

THERMAL PHOTON DETECTOR


DETECTOR

Advantages • Detect light over a • Faster


very wide • More sensitive
wavelength range

Disadvantages • Slow • Restricted


• Not very sensitive wavelength range
Thermal detector

• Several ways to convert a temperature rise into an


electrical signal.

• Commonly used methods are based on thermoelectric


effect and pyroelectric effect.

• How the flow of heat limits the time response and


sensitivity in thermal detector.
Thermal detector …
• TIME RESPONSE AND SENSITIVITY
• Can be determined by using the simplified model
• The time response of a thermal detector can be determined using the
simplified model.
• Light is incident on a sensor element of mass m, thickness d, and
area A, which is connected by some support structure to a large
object (the heat sink).
• The temperature of the heat sink is assumed to remain at the
constant value T0, whereas the temperature of the sensor element
increases by an amount Φ due to heating by the absorbed light.
• There will then be a temperature gradient in the support structure
that results in a flow of heat energy from the sensor element to the
sink.
• For small Φ, the heat leaving the sensor element per unit time will be
given by GΦ, where G is the thermal conductance of the support
structure.
• If the support structure is made of thermally insulating material, and
has a small cross-sectional area for conducting heat, G can be made
very small. We say in this case that the mass m is thermally well
insulated from its surroundings.
Thermal detector…
TIME RESPONSE AND SENSITIVITY
• The chose of G in the detector design involves a trade-off
between speed and sensitivity.
• If G is small: sensitivity is good and easier to measure small
power. But, time response become large which means it
takes long time for detector to respond (slow response
time).
• If G is large: detector respond faster but it will lower the
sensitivity.
• G can be adjusted by changing geometry of the support
structure, so as to optimize the performance for a
particular application.
• Smaller mass, m improves the time response without
degrading the sensitivity.
Thermal detector…

THERMOELECTRIC DETECTOR

• Use thermocouple (formed by the junction of two


dissimilar metals) to convert temperature rise into
electrical signal.

• Electrical potential is found to be different on the two


sides of junction, by an amount that varies with
temperature (known as thermoelectric effect).
Thermal detector…
THERMOELECTRIC DETECTOR
Thermal detector…
PYROELECTRIC DETECTOR

• Use special crystalline materials known as ferroelectrics.

• There is spontaneous displacement of charge, creating electric


dipoles inside the material.

• There are unbalanced charges at the edge of the material which act
as bound surface charges.

• These bound charges induce free charges +Q and –Q on the plates if


sandwiched between two parallel metallic plates.

• The net dipole moment in ferroelectric decrease with the increasing


of temperature, going to zero above a critical temperature, Tc.
Thermal detector…
PYROELECTRIC DETECTOR

• The behavior is analogous to that a ferromagnet with a temperature-


dependent spontaneous magnetization.

• The decrease in net pole moment is due to the competition between a


naturally ordered state and thermally induced disorder.

• When change in temperature causes the change in net polarization, the


induced charge on the plate changes and results in a flow of current through
an external circuit connected to the plates.

• If current flow through the a load resistor , a voltage is developed across the
resistor which can be measured.

• This conversion of temperature changes into an electric current or voltage is


Thermal detector…

PYROELECTRIC DETECTOR
• The sensitivity of the pyroelectric detector
decrease at the lower temperature.
• The sensitivity becomes quite large near Tc,
but the detector noise is also increased due to
fluctuation. (Not a problem unless Tc is close
to room temperature).
• This detector is best suited for measuring
time varying light levels.
• Can also be used to measure light that is
constant in intensity.
To
Be
Continue…

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