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14 views

2 Memory

Uploaded by

Abdul Hameed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory

• Memory consists of electronic components that


store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
Application processed and the
system and other
programs resulting
system software
information

1
Memory

• Each location in memory has an address


• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)

2
Memory

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents


power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,


Example includes RAM flash memory, and
CMOS

3
• Page 224 4
• Figure 4-18
5
Memory

• Two basic types of RAM chips exist:


• Static RAM and Dynamic RAM
SNo Static RAM Dynamic RAM

1 It uses flip-flops for data storage It uses capacitors for data storage

2 As no capacitor is used for data storage, so The capacitor loses its charge after a while so
there is no need to refresh this. Therefore, it is periodic refresh is necessary to retain its data.
known as Static RAM. Therefore, it is known as Dynamic RAM

3 It has low capacity from KB to MB It has large capacity usually in GB.

4 Structure of SRAM is complex Structure of DRAM is simple

5 This is used for cache memory This is used for RAM

6 It is very fast It is slower than SRAM

7 More Expensive Less Expensive

6
Memory
• SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
• Synchronized to System Clock. Much faster than DRAM.
• DDR
• DDR allows two words of data to be written or read during a single clock
cycle. This means that every time the processor accesses the memory it
transfers two words, one on the rising edge of the clock and one on the
falling edge. This type of memory is referred to as Double Data Rate SDRAM
or DDR SDRAM.
• DDR2
• double the DDR rate by allowing four data words to be transferred during a
single clock pulse.
• DDR3
• quadruple the DDR rate by allowing eight data words to be transferred
during a single clock pulse.
7
Memory

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module


and are inserted into memory slots

8
Memory

• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer


often depends on the types of software you plan
to use

9
Memory

• Most of today’s computers improve their processing


times with cache (pronounced cash), which is a
temporary storage area.
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer
because it stores frequently used instructions and data.
• Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently
used instructions and data.

10
Cache Memory

• Most personal computers today have two types of


memory cache: Level 1(L1) cache and Level 2 (L2) cache.
Some also have Level 3 (L3) cache.
• L1 cache is built directly into processor. It usually has a
very small capacity like 128 KB.
• L2 cache slower but has larger capacity usually 512 KB.
L2 advanced transfer cache is faster, which is built
directly on processor chip.

11
Cache Memory

• L3 cache is a cache on the motherboard that is separate


from the processor chip. It is usually from 3 MB to 4 MB.
• When the processor needs an instruction or data, it
searches memory in this order: L1 cache, then L2 cache,
then L3 cache (if it exists), then RAM-with a greater
delay in processing for each level of memory it must
search (Figure 6-14).
• If the instruction or data is not found in memory, then it
must search a slower speed storage medium, such as a
hard drive or optical disc.
12
Cache Memory

13
Memory

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the


processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

14

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