Scribd
Upload
14 views

Lect 3 Motion Part 1

Motion in a plane

Uploaded by

aarthika.s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Lect 3 Motion Part 1

Motion in a plane

Uploaded by

aarthika.s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

PHYSICS

MOTION, LAWS OF MOTION,


FORCE, FRICTION & CENTER
OF MASS
MOTION, DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT
■ Rest and Motion
■ Rest : An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with
respect to its surroundings with the passage of time.
■ Motion : A body is said to be in motion if its position changes
continuously with respect to the surroundings (or with respect to an
observer) with the passage of time.
■ Rest and motion are relative terms
■ Types of Motion on the basis of Dimensions
– One-Dimensional Motion: It is the motion in which the position of the object changes only
in one direction. In this case the object moves along a line. For example – motion of a train
along a straight line, freely falling object under gravity, etc.
– Two-Dimensional Motion: It is the motion in which the position of the object changes in
two directions. In this case the object moves on a plane. For example – projectile motion.
– Three-Dimensional Motion: It is the motion in which the position of the object changes in
three directions. In this case the object moves in a space. For example – a bird flying in the
sky.
■ Distance and Displacement
– Motion is related to change of position. The length travelled in changing position may be
expressed in terms of distance, i.e., the actual path length between two points.
– Distance is a scalar quantity, which has only a magnitude with no direction.
– The direct straight line pointing from the initial point to the final point is called
displacement (change in position). Displacement only measures the change in position, not
the details involved in the change in position.
– Displacement is a vector quantity, which has both magnitude and direction.
■ UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION
■ Uniform Motion
– It is a motion in which a body moves in a straight line (rectilinear) and covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time. The path length of a body in a uniform rectilinear
motion is equal to the magnitude of the displacement. Consequently, the path length(s) in
the motion is equal to the magnitude of the velocity (v) multiplied by the time (t) i.e., s = vt.

■ Non-uniform motion
– If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with a
non-uniform motion. It is a motion in which the velocity varies with time. The change in the
velocity of a body in non-uniform motion is characterized by acceleration.
■ THE RATE OF MOTION
■ Average Speed
– It is defined as the total distance travelled divided by the time interval to travel that distance.
– Average speed Vav d/t ,d = is distance travelled, and t is time interval (change in time). The average
speed of Cheetah is 70 m/s for 30 seconds
■ Instantaneous Speed
– It is the speed at a particular time instant (t is infinitesimal small or close to zero).
■ Uniform and Non-uniform Speed
– A body is said to be moving with uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal time intervals and
with non-uniform or variable speed if covers unequal distances in the same time intervals.
■ Speed with direction (velocity)
■ Average Velocity
– It is defined as the ratio of change in position or displacement to the time taken.

– Here x1 and x2 are the positions of the particle at time t1 and t2 respectively. Also, Dx = x2 – x1 =
change in position and Dt = t2 – t1 = change in time. Its unit is ms–1, cms–1 or km h–1.
■ Instantaneous Velocity
– Velocity of a body at a particular instant or moment of time is called instantaneous velocity.
■ RATE OF CHANGE OF VELOCITY [acceleration]
■ Positive acceleration : If the velocity of an object increases in the same direction,
the object has a positive acceleration.
■ Negative acceleration (Retardation): If the velocity of a body decreases in the
same direction, the body has a negative acceleration or it is said to be retarding
e.g, a train slows down.
■ GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
■ The slope of a displacement-time graph gives the velocity. The slope is the same
all the way from A to C, so the cyclist’s velocity is constant over the entire
displacement he travels. Observe the following displacement-time graphs.
■ Graph (a) shows the object is stationary over a period of time. The gradient is
zero, so the object has zero velocity.
■ Graph (b) shows the object is moving at a constant velocity. You can see that the
displacement is increasing as time goes on. The gradient, however, stays constant
so the velocity is constant. Here the gradient is positive, so the object is moving in
the direction we have defined as positive.
■ Graph (c) shows the object is moving at a constant acceleration. You can see that
both the displacement and the velocity (gradient of the graph) increases with time.
The gradient is increasing with time, thus the velocity is increasing with time and
the object is accelerating.
■ Velocity-Time Graphs
■ This is the velocity-time graph of a cyclist travelling from A to B at a constant acceleration, i.e.
with steadily increasing velocity.
■ The slope of a velocity-time graph gives the acceleration. Observe the following velocity-time
graphs.
■ Graph (a) shows the object is moving at a constant velocity over a period of time. The gradient is
zero, so the object is not accelerating.
■ Graph (b) shows an object which is decelerating. You can see that the velocity is decreasing with
time. The gradient, however, stays constant so the acceleration is constant. Here the gradient is
negative, so the object is accelerating in the opposite direction to its motion, hence it is
decelerating.
■ Acceleration-Time Graphs
■ Observe the following acceleration-time graphs.
■ Graph (a) shows an object which is either stationary or travelling at a constant velocity. Either
way, the acceleration is zero over time.
■ Graph (b) shows an object moving at a constant acceleration. In this case the acceleration is
positive – remember that it can also be negative.
■ Equations of Motion
■ Kinematic equations can be used to describe the motion with constant acceleration.
■ First equation (Equation for velocity-time relation) :
■ Final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time interval

■ Second equation (Equation for position-time relation) :


■ Displacement = initial velocity × time interval + ½ × acceleration × time interval2

■ Third equation (Equation for position-velocity relation) :


■ Final velocity2 = initial velocity2 + 2 × acceleration × displacement
■ Relative Motion
■ The motion of an object B w.r.t. object A which is moving or stationary is called as relative
motion.
■ Relative velocity of an object B w.r.t. object A when both are in motion is the rate of change of
position of object B w.r.t. object A. Relative velocity of object B w.r.t. object A, VBA = VB –
VA
■ CIRCULAR MOTION
■ When a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
■ Circulation motion is accelerated even through the speed of the body remains constant. The
motion in a circle with constant speed is an example of accelerated motion.
■ Though the speed may not change the direction of motion changes continuously. We therefore,
conclude that when a satellite goes around the Earth with constant speed, its velocity is not
uniform because the direction of motion of the satellite changes continuously. Thus, the motion of
a satellite is accelerated.
■ In uniform linear motion, the direction of motion is fixed. So, uniform linear motion is not
accelerated. In uniform circular motion, the direction of motion changes continuously. So,
uniform circular motion is accelerated.
■ Linear Speed and Angular velocity
– Linear speed = Distance travelled / Time taken

– Angular velocity – Angular displacement / Time taken

■ Relation between Linear Speed and Angular Velocity


– Linear speed = Angular velocity x Radius of the circular path
■ MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
■ It is a common experience that when a body is dropped form a certain height it experiences
acceleration due to gravity and its motion is in a straight path. Similarly, when a body is thrown
vertically up, it goes to a certain height and then starts falling again, experiencing acceleration
due to gravity throughout the motion.
■ Case-I: Body thrown downward :
■ Case-II: Body thrown upward:

■ Maximum height reached by the body

■ Time of ascent (ta):

■ Time of descent (td):


■ Case-III: Body projected vertically up from the top of a tower :

You might also like