RESEARCH

FRAMEWORK &
LITERATURE REVIEW

PREPARED BY: MS. CAMILLE M. TURICO, LPT

OBJECTIVES:
▹ Illustrates and explain the
conceptual framework CS_RS12-
If-j-6 2

▹ Presents written review of related

literature and conceptual
framework CS_RS12-If-j-9
 “
RESEARCH
FRAMEWOR
K
3
 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
▹Illustrates the structure or blueprint
of the research plan and helps the
researcher formulate relevant
research questions. 4

▹It is consists of the key concepts and

assumes relationships of the
research project.
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
▹It is normally used as a guide for
researchers so that they are more
focused on the scope of their
studies. 5

▹It can be presented using visual

(diagrams, chart, etc.) and narrative
(paragraph stating the concepts and
relationships of the study) forms.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK

▹Conceptual Framework
▹Theoretical Framework
6
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
▹ refers to the actual ideas, beliefs,
and tentative theories that
specifically support the study.
▹It is primarily a conception or
7

model of what is out there that the

researcher plans to study.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
▹is commonly used for studies that
anchor on time-tested theories
that relate the findings of the
investigation to the underpinning 8

relevant theory of knowledge.

 Similarities of the Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework
1. Provide an overall view of the research
study;
2. Anchor a theory that supports the study; 9

3. Guide in developing relevant research

questions/objectives;
 Similarities of the Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework
4. Help justify assumptions/hypothesis;
5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology;
10

6. Help in gathering and interpreting data and

7. Guide in identifying possible threats to
validity.
 A. Independent Variable - Dependent Variable
Model (IV-DV)
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

Hours of Academic
study Performance 11

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the Independent and

Dependent Variables of the Study.

This conceptual framework shows the independent and dependent variables of the
study. It is presumed that the more number of hours a student prepares for the exam,
the higher would be the expected academic performance.
 B. The Input – Process - Output Model (IPO)
Input Process Output
Socio-demographic
Profile
1.Age 1.Profiling
2.Sex Proposed
2.Survey
3.Marital Status
Questionnaire Intervention
Food Safety Profile
1.Knowledge 3.Data Analysis Program 12

2.Attitude
3.Practices

Figure 2. The schematic diagram of the Input, Process, and Output Approach of the Study.
This conceptual framework shows the input, process, and output approach of the study. The
input is the independent variable, which includes the socio-demographic and food safety profile
of the respondents. The process includes the tools and analyses in gathering the data, while the
output is the outcome based on the results of the study.
ACTIVITY. Identify the following
statements whether it is true to both
theoretical and conceptual framework or
not. Write (Y) for “yes” on the space at 13

the left side of the statement if it is true

to both while (T) for “theoretical” and
“C” if it is conceptual.
1. Directly related to a specific study.
2. Overall view of the research study.
3. Considered as the blueprint of the
research. 14

4. General frame of reference used

in conducting the research.
5. Researcher’s idea of how the
study will be explored.
6. Anchor in a particular theory existing
already in the field.
7. Generalized in scope.
8. Guide in choosing an appropriate
methodology. 15

9. Can be presented using both visual and

narrative form.
10. Enable the readers to obtain a general
understanding of the research study.
11. Considers the relevant theory
underpinning the knowledge base of the
phenomenon.
12. It may synthesize one more theory.
13. Can monitor possible threats to the 16

validity of the study.

14. It is more focused and narrower in scope.
15. Develop only during the planning stage of
the study.
 “
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
17
DEFINITION OF TERMS
▹is also called as Operational
Definition of Variables (ODV).
▹The word operational refers to 18

“how the word/term was used in

the study. At the same time, the
variables are the elements essential
to the study.
TWO WAYS IN DEFINING
THE TERMS
▹Conceptual definition
▹Operational definition 19
▹Conceptual definition is
the meaning of the term
that is based on how it is
defined in the dictionary or 20

encyclopedia.
▹Operational definition on
the other hand, is the
meaning of the term based
on how it was used in the 21

study.
 Examples of Writing
the Definition of Terms
Conceptual definition
Face to face. It is when the 22

people involved are being close

together and looking directly at
each other .
Examples of Writing the
Definition of Terms
Operational definition
Face to face. This refers to one of
the modalities used in learning
23

delivery in which the teacher and

students should be in the same
place or setting, such as the
classroom.
GUIDELINES ON HOW
TO WRITE THE
DEFINITION OF
24

TERMS
1. Write a brief introductory
statement. It must shortly describe
the content of the definition of
terms.
2. List/write the words/terms 25

(which are technical) that would be

included (make sure that the
variables and key terms found in
the title are included).
3. The terms should be arranged
alphabetically.
4. Indention should be applied to
each term.
5. The term should be followed
26

with a period.
6. It can be underlined or not.
7. It can be bold and italic or not
8. It does not have to be lengthy
(direct to the point).
9. Acronym/initials should be
defined clearly. Complete name
should be written first, followed by 27

the acronym/initials in open-close

parenthesis, then the
definition/meaning.
10. Do not overflow with technical
terms (only those relevant and
significant to the study).
11. Keep the definition brief and
basic. You will elaborate on it 28

more in the body of your paper.

 “
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATUR
E
29
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
▹ It is a compilation of studies related
to a specific area of research
(Fraenkel & Wallen, 2020). 30

▹It evaluates, classifies and

summarizes all the relevant previous
studies conducted on a specified
topic.
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
▹It is also designed to justify your
research by exposing the gaps of the
previous studies. 31
PURPOSE OF A LITERATURE
REVIEW
1. To discover the connection of your
research to the existing body of
knowledge and to the real-life 32

situations.
2. To identify more theories or
concepts as the foundation of your
research study and to learn from
them.
PURPOSE OF A LITERATURE
REVIEW
3. To determine the relationship of
your research with previous
research studies to prevent 33

duplication and to acknowledge

other researchers.
4. To acquire knowledge on the
accuracy and significance of your
research questions.
PURPOSE OF A LITERATURE
REVIEW
5. To acquaint yourself with the
technical terminologies relevant to
your study. 34

6. To determine possible gaps,

conflicts, and open questions left
from other research which might
help you in formulating and
justifying your research ideas.
PURPOSE OF A LITERATURE
REVIEW
7. To clarify misconceptions on
previous research and help
refocus, polish, and contribute to 35

the development of the body of

knowledge.
 Introduction
The introduction somehow
presents the fundamental idea
of the particular study of the 36

literature review.
 Main Body
The main body consists of the
organized discussion of
sources. This is where you 37

summarize and synthesize your

literature review and reflect
how they related to your study.
 Conclusions/
Recommendations
Conclusion and
recommendation emphasize
what you have learned from
38

reviewing the literature and

where your study leads to.
 Type of 1. General References
Sources for 2. Primary Sources
a Literature
39

Review 3. Secondary Sources

1. General references are sources in
which a researcher refers to tract down
other sources.
2. Primary sources are publications in
40

which a researcher accounts the

findings of his or her investigations
3. Secondary sources are publications
in which a researcher considers the
work of others (Fraenkel & Wallen,
41

2020).
 “
Where can you
find the review
of related
literature?
42
1. Books
▹ Books convey many forms of
information. The needed
information here is from the 43

books containing a collection

of research materials and
articles.
2. Scholarly Journals
▹ Scholarly journals may also
be referred to as academic
journals or peer-reviewed 44

journals.
2. Scholarly Journals
▹ They are filled with peer-
reviewed information of
research. Articles are written 45

by a scholar in the field and

the researcher is always
identified.
3. Dissertations
▹ Dissertation is a final
requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) 46

in which the student or

researcher has to complete a
work of original research.
3. Dissertations
▹ Some dissertations are
eventually published as
books or articles which 47

consider their findings and

contribution to the academic
discipline.
4. Government
Documents
▹ Government documents are
usually kept at the government 48

and some school libraries.

These documents are rarely
found in the catalog system.
4. Government
Documents
▹ Assistance from the librarian
is needed for you to be able to 49

locate these documents since it

is considered as specialized
publications.
5. Policy Reports and
Presented Papers
▹ Policy reports are also a
source of information in 50

literature review. Policy

papers are not like the typical
research papers.
5. Policy Reports and
Presented Papers
▹ Usually, they are discussed to
non-academic readers. They may 51

initiate by identifying an issue or

phenomenon that usually claim
an answer and they are focused
on being persuasive.
6. Periodicals
▹ Periodicals are findings of
the study which can be seen
in newspapers, in popular 52

magazines, on television or
radio broadcasts, and in
Internet news summaries.
6. Periodicals
▹ They are the chosen edited
summaries done by journalists
for the general readers. They 53

are deficient in numerous vital

details that are required to
critically evaluate the study.
 “
Steps in
Writing
Literature
Review
54
1. Find/Search for the
Relevant Literature
a. Search engines to facilitate
your information inquiry. Make
sure that they are reliable. 55

b. University online library

c. Snowballing
d. Related dissertations
2. Log, Catalogue and
Synthesize
a. Log the reference
information. You may use 56

reference management
software.
2. Log, Catalogue and
Synthesize
b. Catalogue all relevant
articles. You may use excel 57

so that it will be organize and

systematic. You can make
your own template so that you
will be efficient.
2. Log, Catalogue and
Synthesize
c. Digest and synthesize.
Organize the different ideas 58

from different sources.

Arrange them according to the
criteria that you made in your
excel template.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
a. Draw up your outline.
You need to make an outline 59

first for the structuring of

your literature review.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
You can use the different
approaches like 60

chronological, thematic,
theoretical, etc.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
You can use the different
approaches like 61

chronological, thematic,
theoretical, etc.
Thematic arrangement
▹ If your intention is to
make the readers focus on
how your study is similar 62

to or different from the

previous ones.
Chronological
arrangement
▹ If you want to emphasize
the development and
progress in a specific
63

field of study.
Typological
arrangement
▹ If there are sufficient
studies conducted locally
about the topic of your
64

research.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
b. Write it up. After
formulating the outline, you 65

can now begin writing your

first draft. It is expected that
your first draft is still rough.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
Your second draft involves
tightening up and improving 66

the flow. There would be

several drafts needed for
your paper to be polished.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
c. Recap. When you are
finish with your paper, have 67

it read by others who are

qualified (expert in the field)
for further improvements.
3. Outlining and
Writing Up
Comprehend and incorporate
their corrections and 68

suggestions for the

betterment of your study.
 “
In-text Citation
and
Referencing
Styles
69
o Citation is a reference to a literature
being used in your study.
o It is a way of giving
acknowledgement to the authors 70

whom you have referred their

intellectual works and creativity as a
support or foundation of your
research.
o Typically, citations include author’s
name, date, publisher information,
journal information and/or DOI
(Digital Objective Identifier) if 71

present (Literature Review: Citation

Styles, nd).
o From the name itself, an in-text
citation is a reference made within
the body of text in the paper. It leads
the reader to a source where a 72

particular information has been

taken of.
o An in-text citation should be reflected
when you refer, paraphrase,
summarize, or quote from another
author. 73

o A corresponding reference list must

be provided at the end of the study
as references or bibliography.
o A reference typically includes only
the sources that you have mentioned
or cited in-text in your paper, while a
bibliography is generally a list of all 74

the sources you use to generate your

ideas about your research even if
you have not mentioned or cited
them in your paper.
o There are different citing and
referencing styles that are being
used depending on the specific
requirements of different filed of 75

disciplines.
 “
APA 7th
Citation
Examples

76
 Material Type In-text Citation Bibliography
A book (Sapolsky, 2017) Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave:
The biology of humans at our best
and worst. Penguin Books.

Chapter in (Dillard, 2020) Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in

an edited book the study of persuasion. In M. B.
(If the chapter is Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant 77

from an authored (Eds.), Media effects: Advances

book, in theory and research (4th ed.,
use the book citat pp. 115–129). Routledge.
ion
)
An article in a (Weinstein, Weinstein, J. (2009). “The market
print journal 2009) in Plato’s Republic.” Classical
Philology, 104(4), 439-458.
 Material In-text Bibliography
Type Citation
An article in an (Grady et al., Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C.,
electronic 2019) & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in
journal storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that
represent ethnic and racial groups in the
United States. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 8(3), 78
207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm00001
85
A website (Bologna, Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why
2019) some people with anxiety love watching
horror movies.
HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a
nxiety-love-watching-horror
movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
QUIZ
Directions: Read and analyze the
statements below. Encircle the letter of
the correct answer. 79
1. Which among the following is a
guideline/characteristic of a good
definition of terms?
A. The term should be in parenthesis. 80

B. The entire meaning is underlined.

C. It is direct to the point.
D. It is not indented.
2. A hypothesis which shows no
relation between variables is:
A. alternative hypothesis
B. logical hypothesis 81

C. complex hypothesis
D. null hypothesis
3. It refers to the actual ideas, beliefs,
and tentative theories that specifically
support the study.
A. methodological framework 82

B. chronological framework
C. conceptual framework
D. theoretical framework
4. One of the two types of defining the
terms in research wherein you need to
define according to how the term is being
used in the study is:
83

A. methodological
B. theoretical
C. operational
D. conceptual
5. Mediating variable is also called as:
A. independent variable
B. intervening variable
C. moderating variable 84

D. dependent variable
6. The conceptual framework to be
used in a research study wherein
there is an intervention being made by
the researcher 85

is:
A. IV-DV C. ODV
B. IPO D. PPE
7. The word is defined according to its
meaning from the dictionary.
A. operational
B. conceptual 86

C. historical
D. technical
8. It is a research variable that is
considered as the presumed effect of
the study.
A. independent variable 87

B. moderating variable
C. dependent variable
D. control variable
9. This is a part of literature review
which summarizes and synthesizes the
different ideas from the different
sources.
88

A. recommendation
B. main body
C. introduction
D. conclusion
10. It is a reference done within the
text/paragraph in the paper.
A. list of references
B. in-text citation 89

C. bibliography
D. source
11. “There is no difference in height
between boys and girls who are taking
vitamins everyday.” is an example of:
A. non-directional hypothesis 90

B. empirical hypothesis
C. directional hypothesis
D. simple hypothesis
12. This arrangement is used when
there are sufficient studies conducted
locally about the topic of your research.
A. chronological 91

B. thematic
C. historical
D. typological
13. It expresses the connection among
two or more independent variables and
two or more dependent variables.
A. alternative hypothesis 92

B. logical hypothesis
C. complex hypothesis
D. null hypothesis
14. It refers to the assumption about
the relationship of the variables.
A. guide questions
B. hypothesis 93

C. framework
D. literature
15. The chosen edited summaries by
journalist for the general readers are
called:
A. scholarly journal 94

B. periodicals
C. dissertation
D. books