Reading and Writing Skills

Patterns of Development
In
Writing Across Disciplines
We have learned in our previous lesson that written text as connected discourse is formed from spontaneous
discreteness that predetermined its connectedness. It means that the text itself does not have meaning and its
meaning can be determined by their connectedness. We also learned techniques in selecting and organizing
information by identifying relevant and irrelevant ideas or information.

After learning these skills in organizing information, you must learn some writing patterns on how
you can develop paragraphs.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1.Familiarize yourself with the different writing patterns in paragraph development;

2.identify the transitional words and phrases used in the different writing
Patterns ;
3. write a short paragraph using certain writing pattern; and
4. distinguish the uses and the differences of each writing pattern.

The lesson is divided into eight lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 –Narration
Lesson 2 –Description
Lesson 3 –Definition
Lesson 4 –Exemplification/Classification
Lesson 5 –Comparison and Contrast
Lesson 6 –Cause and Effect
Lesson 7 –Problem-Solution Essay
Lesson 8 –Persuasion
Lesson 1

Narration

Developing one’s reading and writing skills is not easy. There are learners who can read but are not able to express
themselves in writing well. You have a lot of ideas in mind but sometimes you may find it hard to organize these ideas
coherently, however, the good thing is that there are many ways on how you can write effectively.

In this lesson, you will learn one way of developing your paragraph. This is through Narration.

This lesson exposes students on how to develop their writing ability through the use of the patterns of developing paragraphs.
The learner will be able to critique a chosen sample of each pattern of development focusing on information
selection, organization, and development.

This contains the use of appropriate devices in connecting ideas to identify the pattern employed in the sample
paragraph as well as to develop unified thoughts through writing.
Lesson 1

Narration

Developing one’s reading and writing skills is not easy. There are learners who can read but are not able to express
themselves in writing well. You have a lot of ideas in mind but sometimes you may find it hard to
Organize. These ideas coherently, however, the good thing is that there are many ways on how you can write effectively.

In this lesson, you will learn one way of developing your paragraph. This is
through Narration.

This lesson exposes students on how to develop their writing ability through the use of the patterns of developing
paragraphs. The learner will be able to critique a chosen sample of each pattern of development focusing on
information selection, organization, and development.

This contains the use of appropriate devices in connecting ideas to identify the pattern employed in the sample
paragraph as well as to develop unified thoughts through writing.
What’s New

Read the set of events and rewrite the following details on your answer sheet to create a coherent story.

1. Finally, the old lady crossed the street safely and Juan was able to reach
school on time.
2. One morning, Juan is in a hurry going to school.
3. Then, he thought of helping the old lady even though he will be late in
school.
4. Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing the street.

Then, answer the follow-up questions:

1. What words are used to signal the correct sequence of the events?
2. How do you think the ideas were able to relate to one another?
3. What do we call these words?
4. How do these words help to create a story?
5. What kind of paragraph were you able to create using the given details?
What is it?

Writing a paragraph involves deep understanding of how one can achieve well-focused and unified ideas in a
composition. For example, when students are asked to come up with a summary of a story, they tend to chop parts of the story
and put it in their summary. If that is so, it leads to create unrelated details that do not contribute in the oneness and
clarity of one’s summary. It is important to use strategies developing ideas using a particular pattern. One of these is through
narration. A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in making a story.

In developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an important role.

Signal words help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next. This leads us to focus on the
use of the action words in the story. It also helps to move the story and makes the story interesting.
The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.
Most of the common transitional words are first, next, then, after and suddenly.
Moreover, it is also important to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story.
 What’s More?

Read the paragraph and answer the following questions on a separate sheet.

Being a transferee is never easy. At first, I was hesitant to come but my mother told me that I would find
new friends in Masayahin Senior High School. I would never forget the day I first entered this school, I felt so
shy and nervous. I did not know anyone for I was a new Grade 11 student. When I entered my first class
looking for a chair to sit in, a boy sitting beside the windowsill asked me, “Are you new in this school?” and I
answered shyly, “Yes.” Then, he offered me the vacant seat beside him. He was Jasper, an old student in that
school. We got along with each other well in our class. We worked on our assignments and school projects. ,
he slept in our house doing our research work. After a year, we both realized that in many ways we had a lot
of similarities in terms of interests in life. In the end, we became best of friends
 Questions:

1. Where and when did the story happen?

2. What transitional devices are used to indicate the chronological order of time ?
3. What event happened first?
4. What does the paragraph tell?
5. What sequence is presented in the story?

What I Have Learned

Choose the best word/group of words that will complete

the statements.
Write your answer in a separate sheet.
1._________ is a writing pattern that is used to tell story.
2.A narrative text contains the _________which gives direction in the story.
3._________are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to
another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another.
4.Most of the common transitional words to show _________ of events are first, next, then, after and suddenly.
5.The _________of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.
Additional Activities

In a short paragraph, narrate how something originated in your place/community.

Use the score guide below:

All transitional devices

5 points All transitional devices are appropriate; the narration was very clear.
3 points Some transitional devices are appropriate; the narration was clear.
1 point No transitional devices used in the narrative; the narration is unclear.
Lesson
Lesson 2 DESCRIPTION
In this lesson, you will learn another way of developing your paragraph through giving description.

What’s In

People love to read and listen to story and the use of appropriate transitional devices in telling stories are
noteworthy. Likewise, you have previously learned that in writing a narrative, the plot gives direction in making
the story. However, it is not only the plot that will help you to develop your writing skills. The use of description
is also important to help you create a vivid picture of what you are trying to express through written text.

→ This pattern of development gives characteristics or details on what an object, a person or a place looks
like. When using this pattern, use powerful and appropriate adjectives and use effectively the five senses
(sight, smell, taste, hear, touch) to create a clear image on a reader’s mind.
What is It

According to Dayagbil & et al, 2016, the use of description plays an important role to elucidate the nature of people, places
and things. A series of detailed observation about the subject can help you create a good descriptive paragraph. This
involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the paragraph.

The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even tastes like are called
sensory languages.
It also concerns how you will arrange the details to provide an image of the scene, the person or the object you
are trying to describe in your text.

There are two types of description. First is objective description, where the writer
presents impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and excluding personal impression of
the subject just like when you give your description of an experiment in class.
Second is subjective description, where the writer gives personal impression of what is observed. This is
often used in making fiction stories.

For instance, when you are asked to write about a place you visit during summer vacation, you tend to
give your personal judgment of how you experience the place.

What’s More?
Read the paragraphs below. Tell whether the description is subjective or objective description.

1.SampalocLake is an inactive volcanic maar on the island of Luzon, the Philippines. It is the
largest of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half of the lake's depth has a shallow
depression at the bottom, indicating its volcanic origin. It is approximately 104 hectares and 3.5
kilometer board walk. The lake is behind San Pablo City Capitol and at the foot of the Doña Leonila
Park.
Maar- a broad, shallow crater, typically filled by a lake, formed by a volcanic eruption with little lava.
2.Sampaloc Lake is one of the best tourist spots in San Pablo. It is where you can bring your friends
and loved ones for picnic and bonding. Most of San Pableños jog around the lake and do ride
bicycles not only to have morning good exercise but also have fresh air. You can witness the beauty
of nature for it is surrounded with mountains.

What’s New

On a separate sheet, complete the table by supplying words or phrases that best describe the given
subjects. Use any of your senses to provide appropriate descriptions.
Then answer the questions that follow. Answer the following questions.
1.What do you call the words that are used to provide a striking effect on the
senses of the reader?
2.How do these words help create a vivid description of the given words?
3.What kind of paragraph can you develop using the given details?
What I Have Learned

Objective Subjective Description Sensory languages Modifiers

1.____________ is a writing pattern of developing paragraph using detailed

observation about the subject.
2.____________are used in writing descriptive paragraph.
3.____________ can be in a form of word, phrase or clause.
4.____________description presents impartial and actual picture of the subjects
without biases.
5.____________ description gives the personal impression of the writer.

What Can I do?

Develop a composition using description as pattern of paragraph development. Make a vivid picture of your dream
house which you would like to own in the future. Use at least ten descriptive words.
 Lesson 3 Definition

In this lesson, we will focus on the three different types of definitions: formal definition, informal
definition, and extended or expanded definition.

What’s In

Previously, you have learned the first two patterns of development: narration and description. The
descriptive text portrays events and brings a scene or object to life in the imagination of the reader.
Meanwhile, a narrative text tells story or events in chronological order. Now, let’s move on to another pattern
which is called definition.
What’s New
Read the definition paragraph below then answer the given questions.
An estimated 50 years old, giant Crocodylus porosus is a saltwater crocodile. It was the largest crocodile caught alive
in Buhawan of Agusan del Sur. According to residents, it is known to attack people and had eaten animals. The
biggest crocodile was given the name of “Lolong”after the name of Ernesto “Lolong” Goloran, who is one of the
veteran hunters from the Palawan Crocodile and Wildlife Reservation Center, who led the hunt. Dr. Adam Britton, an
Australian zoologist and crocodile expert, measured Lolong at 6.17 m (20 ft. 3 in). And in June 2012 Lolong was officially
certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the “world’s largest crocodile in captivity”.

According to the experts of the National Geographic Channel,

Lolong breaks the record of the previous record-holder with a measurement of 5.48m (18 FT 0 in).

Love is an amazing feeling. An individual with a caring heart is consistently prepared to help other people with no desire.
Love is the need of each person since the day of birth. Love associates the two souls everlastingly and makes the world
a beautiful spot for them. Without a doubt . Love is divine.
 Questions:

1. What is being defined in this paragraph?

2. Do the supporting points help you understand the definition better? Are
there facts, reasons, examples, and details that make it even clearer?
3. What transition words are used between supporting points?

I was once asked by my college professor before, “What is passion?” This is a typical question for a painter
and an artist like me. As they say, you will never excel as an artist if you don’t have passion within you.
What is ‘passion’? My teacher once told me that passion comes from a Latin root ‘pati-‘, meaning ‘suffering,
or enduring’. From then on, my teacher taught me that passion is not just something you earn in a night or
after studying arts. It’s something you have to learn over the course of life. I then learned that passion is
something I need to learn to feel by enduring not just the highs of life but also the downtimes. It also goes
with loving what I do.
What is It

Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special meanings for familiar words. They
are often used to explain technical words and concepts. What to define always depends on the needs of the reader
and the purpose of communication. It can be done in either of the two distinct methods of definition.

First, informal definition as either denotation or connotation.

Denotation is the dictionary meaning of the word.

For example:
Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate leaves and showy flowers.
Meanwhile, connotation is the secondary meaning of a word and not necessarily included in the dictionary. Rather it is
how a writer understands a word based on their own personal or consensual experiences.

In the example:
A dozen of pink roses is usually given to their beloved ones.
Instead of literally referring to flowers, love and romance are connoted.
Second, formal definition consists of three principal parts:
the species (WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae. The WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept
defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or general group to which the objects belongs.

For example:
Skimming (species) is a reading technique(class)of allowing the eyes to travel over a page very quickly, stopping only here
and there to gain an idea(differentiae).

For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used in paragraph development would be of
great help (Filomena T. Dayagabil, Ethel L. Abao, and Remedios C. Bacus, Critical reading and writing for Senior High
School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, 2016, 43:
 Methods Examples
By stating its San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines and
characteristics today, it is known as one of the first-class cities in the province
of Laguna. It is also called the City of Seven Lakes namely:
Bunot Lake, Calibato Lake, Mohicap Lake, Palak
pakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo lake. These seven
freshwater lakes are crater form of a steam-
blast eruption from Mt. Cristobal.

By function In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their

actions, such as following the precautionary measures given by
the health experts to avoid the spread of the virus.

By what it is Far from the normal situations that we had before, the
not pandemic makes each one of us skip buying unnecessary items.
By what it is Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and delicious pasta that
similar to children love.

The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021 amidst the pandemic is a
great challenge to the Department of
Education. They continue researching different alternative
By Examples ways of teaching and learning to be implemented in schools
such as online learning, modular learning, and lastly learning
from TV shows and radio programs.

Writers around the world define literature in different ways. The

By origin of origin of the word literature is derived from the Latin word Litera which means
word or letter.
etymology

Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the world

embraces the new normal. People have become more conscious
about sanitation and hygiene. They now learn physical distancing in public
By its effect places. And, most of the people stay at home either working or developing new
hobbies and exploring new things.
Analyze how the writer creates a shared concept and what different expanded definition methods are used in the
paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. You may follow the template below:

Method used Sentence/s

Bimetallic Components
1.Bimetals are components made up of two separate metallic units, each occupying a distinct position in the
component. 2.Bimetal rods or wires (also called clad metal, duo-or dual-metal) are made of dissimilar metals. 3.The
rod core a cylindrical body made of one metal, is surrounded by a concentric, cylindrical sleeve of another
metal. 4.Some fibrous metals may also be regarded as bimetallic; for example, rods made by unidirectional
solidification of some eutectic compositions containing a metallic (or nonmetallic) compound of fibrous
filaments embedded in an almost pure metallic matrix. 5.The structure of present-day Nb-SN superconducting core can
be even more complex. 6.It is multi metallic-containing more than two dissimilar metals. 7.The two elements of a
bimetallic.8.Bimetal rods or wire stems make it possible to combine properties of dissimilar metals. For example
9.Aluminum-clad steel wire combines the strength of steel with the electrical conductivity and corrosion
resistivity of aluminum.10 Superconductor core clad with copper sleeves combines superconductivity at cryogenic
temperatures with assurance against failure when a local temporary rise in resistance or temperature occurs.
Based on Betzalel Avitzur et al., “Criterion for the Prevention of Core Fracture during Extrusion of Bimetal Rods,”
Journal of Engineering for Industry, 1983, 293-30

Definition
What I Can Do

Define “COVID-19” using the rules you have learned. You may also choose to use the outline below to help you in
writing a good definition paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Topic sentence: COVID-19 is_________________________________________

First (supporting Point#1) + (Fact, reason, or detail)
In addition (supporting point #2) + (Fact, reason, example or detail)
Finally, (supporting Point #3 + (Fact, reason, example or detail)
Conclusion: In the end, COVID 19 is_____________________________
The following score guide may be used to rate your output

Description Highest Point Your Score

Clear topic sentence 5 points
Evidences and examples are specific and accurate 3 points
Mechanics of writing are observed 2 points
Total 10 points
Lesson 4 -Exemplification and Classification

In the previous lessons, you have learned the differences between and among narrative, descriptive, and definition
paragraphs. Now, you will familiarize yourself with two of the most common patterns of paragraph development –
exemplification and classification.

What’s In

As you unravel the unique patterns of development in writing exemplification and classification paragraphs and
how to incorporate them in your own writing, you must first begin to learn how to identify the basic parts of these
patterns –topic sentence, classifications (types, categories), examples (illustrations) and transitional expressions.
These can be used in writing other papers with different purposes other than telling a story, describing something or
defining a concept
 What’s New
Read the passage carefully. Once finished, copy on a separate sheet and fill out the table with the appropriate words that
match the headings below.
Humans are often harmed by pollution. The presence of the hazardous substances brought about by these
three major types of pollution: land, air and water gravely affects our health. For instance, a person may acquire skin problems and
other deformities from the toxic wastes present in the land that we live in such as garbage, pesticides, heavy metals and other
chemicals. Air pollution caused by toxic gases, solid and liquid particles or aerosols, and other hazardous air pollutants adversely
contaminate the air that we breathe. Long-term exposure to air pollutants has been linked with diseases of the heart and lungs, cancers
and other health problems. Lastly, water pollution observed in our primary water sources like oceans, rivers, and lakes is caused by the
presence of industrial wastes, sewage and waste waters, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to be specific. Infectious diseases can be acquired
through contaminated water and can cause cholera, jaundice, liver damage and stomach illness in people.

Topic
Sentence:

Classification Examples of Hazardous Substances

Pollution 1. __________________________ a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
d. _________________________

Air 1. a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________

1. a.
Transitional expressions:
Study the accomplished table. How can you say that the words and phrases that you have just written all exemplify that
of the (a) topic sentence, (b) classification, (c) examples and d) transition words?
If you were able to justify your answers, then, you are now ready to learn more about the characteristics and features
of exemplification and classification as Patterns of development in writing.

What is It

Exemplification(or illustration) is the most common and effective pattern to explain an idea or point.
In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops a general statement –the topic sentence, with one or more
examples to support it.

Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective exemplification paragraphs:

for instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example, in short, as an example.

On the other hand, classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects to groups or
categories based on their common and shared characteristics.
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective classification paragraphs: classified as, one kind, the
last group, another kind, another, final type, the first category, are categorized as, the next part.

Remember that you can use both exemplification and classification in developing a paragraph by simply identifying
categories on a particular subject and providing examples or illustration to explain and clarify meaning.

What’s More
Read the excerpt that follows. After reading it, make a short paragraph that has the same pattern of development. Be
able to employ transitional expressions to make it effective.

An excerpt from Appassionato

“Passion is visceral. It stands outside traditional thinking. It ignores conventions like distance, time, and social
acceptance. It dares into uncharted waters. It is used to be primarily associated with romantic love. Today, thanks
to authors like
Tom Peters and Nancy Austin (A Passion for Excellence), passion’s boundaries
have been extended to embrace work, entrepreneurial endeavors, corporate success.”
What I Have Learned

Reflect on what you have learned today by completing the diagram below, use a separate sheet for
your answer.

Write
INSIDE Write some questions or clarifications
the OUTSIDE
circle the most the
valuable learning circle
that you gained
from the lesson
What I Can Do
Choose at least one from the situations below.

Writing Task 1:

You are the editor-in-chief of your school’s publication. The school paper adviser requires you to write a 2-3
paragraph opinion article about the COVID-
19 pandemic for a special edition paper.

You need to take side and be specific in explaining your point of view by proving clear examples and illustrations
to support your arguments.

Writing Task 2:
You are one of the business proprietors at your school’s on-going Business Expo. An interested customer
sent you an e-mail asking about the different types of products you sell.

You need to respond to the e-mail in 2-3 paragraphs indicating the classification of your products. To encourage
your customer to avail, your message must contain the product’s. category, specific features and prices
 Here is the rubric for your writing task:
Criteria Descriptions Total Score Your Score
Paragraph Structure Clearly states the main idea to capture the reader’s
( attention, adds concrete and interesting details and
Topic Sentence, brings closure to the paragraph written
Supporting details and
Conclusion)

Transitional Expression Effectively uses a high

degree of appropriate
transitions to show development from one sentence
to another
Grammar and Has no spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors
Punctuation

Additional Activities

Write an exemplification or a classification paragraph on any suitable subject or topic

in your respective context/locality. Make sure to include a topic sentence, supporting
details, conclusion and transitional expressions in your written text. The same rubrics will be used in
assessing your output.
Lesson 5 - Comparison and Contrast
Sometimes, you’ll be asked by your teachers to perform tasks which would require you to make intelligent choices.
School writing activities may require you to do comparison and contrast, in which you focus on similarities and
differences of ideas. By assigning you such writing activities, you are encouraged to make connections between
text and ideas and engage you in critical thinking.

What’s In

Classification as pattern of development of writing makes you associate similar things or process by grouping
them into classes or categories. Try this! Choose the word/s that do/does not belong on each line then write a
category name for each group (i.e. rose, banana, sun flower, daisy banana/flowers).

1.German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky

2.on land, by water, by air, by bus
3.carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4.jazz, rock, pop, ballet
5.Coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc
Each item gives you a hint over a certain category. That’s similar to our previous
lesson about exemplification and classification. However, although these words
belong to the same group, each of them have similarities and differences, which will be the focus of this lesson on
comparison and contrast.

What’s New

Using the Venn diagram, jot down words and

phrases showing similarities and differences
between Junior High School and Senior High Similarities Similarities
School. Differences
What is It
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar while contrast in writing discusses elements or ideas that are
different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then analyzes two subjects comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
However, its purpose is not to simply state the obvious but rather to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities between two subjects. As a writer, you should help the readers see how these two ideas are similar
or different by showing them its advantages and disadvantages so they are able to weigh the pros and cons before they
make judgment or decision.

Take a look at this example

Source: Jenn, Kepka, Oregon Writes Open Writing Text. 2015, accessed May 21, 2020,
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/oregonwrites/chapter/comparison-and-contrast.

My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality, appearance and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the
family, prefers staying at home than going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has dark skin. As she is not
sociable, she finds friends with the characters from the books she reads most of the time. In addition, she is very clever in
subjects like Math and Science which made her graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High School. In contrast, my
youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an outgoing and friendly personality. There is never a dull moment as she is
always ready with stories to tell. She is tall with a round plump face and fair skin. Being the youngest in the family, she
is often asked to perform during family gatherings since she sings and dances well. My sisters may be different from each
other but they adore one another .
Here are two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph or essay.

The Block Method is used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time. You may begin by saying everything
you have to say about the first subject you are discussing then move on and write everything about your second
subject. If you are writing a short paragraph or essay, you might be able to fit all of your points about each item.
However, if you would want to address one subject at a time, you may use Point-by-point comparison.

Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise, similar to, same with, like, in the same
manner. To show contrast, cue words such as: on the other hand, however, while, different with, in contrast and the
like.

Source: Williams, Madalyn. February 21, 2017, accessed May 20, 2020
https://prezi.com/hdigz1iuziht/comparing-the-block-method-and-the-point-by-point-method/
Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise, similar to,
same with, like, in the same manner. To show contrast, cue words such as: on the other hand, however,
while, different with, in contrast and the like.
Source:
Willia
ms, Madalyn. February
21, 2017, accessed May 20, 2020
https://prezi.com/hdigz1iuziht/comparing-the-block-method-and-the-point-by-point-method/
What’s More

Create compare-and-contrast paper outline using either Point-by-point or Block Method by comparing or
contrasting Junior High School and Senior High School. Be guided by the rubric below.
Description Highest point Your Score

Has a clear and strong-hook topic sentence 5 points

Evidences and examples are specific 3 points
Has no errors in grammar, spelling and 2 points
punctuation marks
Total 10 points

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements to summarize what you have learned in this lesson.
A compare-and-contrast writing analyzes two subjects by __________.
The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast essay is not to state
what seems so obvious about the things being compared but __________.
The two main organizing strategies for comparison-and-contrast writing are:
__________ and__________.
What I Can Do
Write a five (5) to seven (7) sentence paragraph based on the outline you created regarding the
similarity/difference of Junior High School and Senior High School

Description Highest point Your Score

Has appropriate quality of well-organized points to support the topic 5 points

Uses specified format/style 3 points

Grammar, spelling and punctuation marks are correct. 2 points

Total 10 points

Additional Activities
Brainstorm an essay topic leaning towards comparison or contrast. Choose one among the three
items then come up with at least one similarity and three differences. The rubric in “What’s More”
segment may still apply to this activity.
Cell phone units and brands
Fast food chains and fine dining restaurants
Enrolling in college or getting employed after Senior High School
 Lesson 6 -Cause and Effect
Reasons and results are two things that interest readers. Thus, it is important for
writers like you to learn how paragraphs of this kind should be developed.

What’s In

We have learned in our previous lesson that the use of comparison and contrast in developing paragraph is very effective
when you want to show similarities and difference between two ideas. Although a comparison and contrast essay is
set to demonstrate both similarities as well as differences, sometimes it only shows similarities, and at other times,
only differences.

The next pattern of paragraph development focuses on how you can state details through giving reasons or results of a
topic.
What’s New

Read the passage carefully. Then, complete the diagram below.

Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be
adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British
Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also
invented with positive thoughts in mind –there would be no national borders, education and communication would
be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on
human beings.

(Excerpt: Emmanuel Tatah Mentan, English Essay Writing Handbook Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2019.)
 California’s Fresh Water Shortage
Topic Sentence A fresh water shortage is changing the way Californians live and do
business. California’s fresh water is in short supply due to a record drought and rising
temperatures.
Body Sentences As a result, the state’s government enforced restrictions on water usage for cities and
residents. Farmers have been forced to use costly groundwater reserves to grow
crops . Snowless mountains have hurt the tourism industry, especially ski resorts.
Meanwhile,drying forests increase the chances of dangerous wildfires.
Ending Sentence Without rain, Californians must continue to take measures to conserve

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet.

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. What states the cause of the idea?
3. What states the results of the idea?
 What is It

Cause and Effect is a text development pattern which explains why something happens. It also states
what results a particular event produces. It usually gives a statement emphasizing the cause and another
emphasizing the effect.

The following guide questions can be used for cause-effect development:

Why did it happen?
What caused it?
What does it cause?
What are the effects?
How is it related to something else?

Further, in developing your texts you can use signal words like as a consequence of, as a result of,
because, because of, now that and since to express cause while accordingly, consequently, hence, so,
therefore, and this resulted in to signify effects.
What’s More
Put a check (✓) if the item is suited for a cause-and-effect text or a cross (x) if
not.
1. How to play drums
2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit
4. Increased drop-out rate in a school.
5. The act of kindness.

What I Have Learned

Complete the given statements to sum up your learning for this lesson.
1. Cause and effect is a text development pattern explains ___________ something happens and states
___________results a particular event produces.
2.___________focuses on: why did the topic happen; what caused it; what does it cause; what are its effects; and,
how is it related to something else.
3. Signal words used in introducing cause include: _______________________
4. Signal words used in introducing effect include: ______________________
What I Can Do

Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced thousand others. Write a five-
sentence paragraph that explains why there were so many casualties even when they were warned of a
storm surge. Use cause and effect pattern of development.

The rubric below may be used in this output.

5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states The paragraph states The paragraph

cause and effect and all cause and effect but states
transitional devices are few transitional devices no cause and effect and
properly used. are used it uses inappropriate
transitional devices

Additional Activities
Reflect on the quote: “
Working out of cause and effect is eternal”(Deepak Chopra).Develop a cause-and-effect paragraph
to express your insights about this. The previous rubric may still be used for this writing task.
Lesson 7 -Problem-Solution

A problem is being presented and a solution. Why it has become a problem is also discussed, leading to a conclusion
highlighting the connection between the problem and solution. Transitional devices include the answer, challenge, need,
difficulty, dilemma, enigma, improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem, propose, remedied, resolve, respond to,
solve, and suggest.

This pattern of writing presents the problems and solutions to the problems. There are two ways to structure this kind
of writing. First, is the block structure where all the problems are listed. Then the solutions are given. Another is the
chain structure where the problem/s is given followed by the solution/s.

Example: Poverty is a word to beat. The whole world thrives on getting rid of this seemingly irresistible dilemma.
All around the globe, the government, together with the private sectors and other agencies, unite to improve society's
condition, most especially the far-flung areas. Leaders from different countries gather in this weeklong forum to
discuss resolutions and plans for action.
Example Paragraph:

The problem of drug abuse is rising in many countries. Billions of dollars are spent internationally preventing drug use,
treating addicts, and fighting drug-related crime. Although drugs threaten many societies, their effects can be combated
successfully. Drug abuse causes multiple problems for countries and communities. The medical and psychological effects are
very obvious. Addicts cannot function as normal members of society. They neglect or abuse their families, and eventually
require expensive treatment or hospitalization. The second effect is on crime. Huge police resources are needed to fight
smuggling and dealing. However, the menace of drugs can be fought. Education is the first battle. Children need to be told at
home and in school about drugs. People need to be made aware of the effects so that they can maybe avoid the problem. A
second approach is to increase police manpower and powers to stop dealers and to enforce the law. However, the main target
should be the user. Families and counselors need to talk to people at risk. Jobs are also needed to give ex-addicts a new,
positive role in society. In conclusion, although the problem of drugs may seem impossible to eliminate, there are concrete
steps that can be taken to weaken the hold of drugs on society.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4891989

What are the problems brought by drug abuse? How are these problems solved?
 Lesson 8-Persuasion

Persuasive writing is also argumentative writing. In presenting an argument, the goal is to persuade readers to agree with
you. The argument has to be supported by sound reasoning and solid evidences such as facts, statistics, statements from
experts, or even personal experiences. In persuasion, you make use of logical,
emotional and ethical appeals to convince.

Example Paragraph:
We shouldn’t have homework. It takes away from family time. You have to do homework instead of playing a family
board game or playing catch. You can’t go outside to play so you will get fat. If you bring it home, you will rush
through it so you can play video games. We should do our work at school because we have better equipment there. We
should also do it at school because we can’t ask our teacher questions when we do it at home. It’s hard to concentrate
when you could be outside playing on a sunny day.

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/124693483408552351/

Do you agree with the argument of the writer?

How did the writer persuade the reader to agree with the argument?
Narration simply tells a story to prove your main point.
Description is used to stimulate mental images using sensory impressions.
Definition provides meaning. A word can be defined formally, informally, theoretically or by referring to its etymology.
Exemplification provides illustration to support the main topic.
Classification groups people, things, ideas and concepts according to their category. Comparison and
contrast features the similarities and differences of two or more subjects.
Cause and effect establishes relationships between events.
Problem-solution presents problems and corresponding solutions.
Lastly, persuasion shows an argument to which you want a reader to believe or act upon.
 Let Us Practice

Now you have taken a grasp of the patterns of written texts, let’s re-examine what you have learned so far. Compare and
contrast the different patterns of paragraph development by completing the chart below. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Pattern of Paragraph Description / Structure / Signal Words

Development Purpose Used

1
2
3
4