Bahir Dar Institute Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer

Engineering
BSc in Computer Engineering

Microprocessors & Interfacing

Tegistu B.

1
 Course Description
 Introduces basics of microcontrollers,
microprocessors and microprocessor-based
systems
 Gives guidelines to analysis & design of MP-
based system devt.
 Comprises of two parts:
HW and SW details of MPs
Interfacing MP to other devices
 Ultimately, to be able to design MP-based system

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 Course Objective
• After completion of this course,
Have basic knowledge of architecture and operation of
MCs and MP-based sys
Understand relations of SW and HW in MCs and MP-
based sys
Understand how to write programs for MP system
Interface MP to memory and peripheral devices
Design, develop, test and produce a standalone MP-
based system
Examine and resolve problems in operation of MP-
based sys

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 Chapter One
Introduction
Outline
 Difference Between: Microcomputer,
Microprocessor and Microcontroller
 Classification of Microprocessors

 Comparison between microprocessor and

Microcomputer
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessor

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 Overview of Computers
 Computers come in a wide varieties of sizes and
capabilities
 Types:
– Mainframes:
• the largest and most powerful
• Designed to work at very high speed and large data
words
• Have massive amounts of memory
• Used in defense, business, graphics
• E.g. IBM4381, Honeywell DPS8, Cray Y-MP/832
• Supercomputers – fastest &most powerful mainframes

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 Overview of Computers
– Minicomputers
• Scaled down versions of mainframes
• Run more slowly, work with smaller data
length
• Used in: business data processing,
industrial control, scientific research
• E.g. DEC’s VAX6360, Data General MV
8000I
6
 Overview of Computers
• Microcomputers
o Small computers, ranging from 4-bit controllers to
larger units that work with 32-bit words
o have all of most of features of earlier minicomps
o Most frequently used (e.g. PCs)
o Include: PDAs, Tablet PCs, Towers, Workstations,
Laptops, Handhelds, …
– The term ‘computer’ can apply to any device
that has ‘microprocessor’

7
Microprocessor and Microcomputer Architecture
Block diagram of a micro computer

8
 Microcomputer
A microcomputer is a small, relatively
inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as
its (CPU).
 It includes a microprocessor, memory, and
input/output (I/O) facilities.
 Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and
80s with the advent of increasingly powerful
Microprocessors.
 Many microcomputers (when equipped with a
keyboard and screen for input and output) are also
personal computers (in the generic sense).

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 Cont..
MICROCOMPUTER: is a device which consists of
Microprocessor, I/O device, and memory fabricated on single
PCB (printed circuit board).
Here memory and I/O devices are connected externally on single PCB

Microcomputer can be used for general purpose.

In microcomputer memory is fixed so it can be used for the small

program.
Microcomputer is less flexible.

Per unit cost is less in microcomputer.

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 Overview of Computers
– Structure and operation
• Major parts:
– CPU – in µComps, MP is the CPU
– MEMORY – of all types
– I/O – for user – computer communication
DATA BUS

INPUT
DEVICE CONTROL CONTROL
I/O PORTS BUS CENTRAL BUS MEMORY
PROCESSING (RAM AND
UNIT (CPU) ROM)
OUTPUT
DEVICE

ADDRESS BUS

• Microcomputer = MP + I/O chip interface 11

 What is Microprocessor?
 It is a silicon chip made up of thousands, millions of
billions of transistors.
 The processor on a single chip is called a Microprocessor
which can process micro-instructions
 A simple microprocessor will receive data and it stores
into registers and perform operations on the data.
 The processor will receive an instruction that tells it what
operation to perform.
 The result can be stored in memory or in any of the
secondary storage devices.

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 Physical appearance of a µ-p
 A microprocessor is a small electronic circuit. It
can be easily damaged by moisture or abrasion.
 So, to offer some protection, normally it is
encapsulated in plastic or ceramic materials.
 The size, shape and number of pins on the
microprocessor depends on the amount of data
that it is designed to handle.
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Cont...

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 Cont...
 With the advent of semi conductor technology, it is
possible to integrate the CPU in a single chip. The
result is the microprocessor (µ-p).
 Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) technology is
typically used to fabricate the microprocessor such as
those manufactured by Intel and Motorola.
 Appropriate memory and I/O chips are interfaced to the
microprocessor to design a micro computer.
 Single-chip microcomputers are available in these days
in which the microprocessor, memory, and I/O unit are
all fabricated in the same chip.
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 Cont...
 The commercial µ-p , fabricated with MOS
technology, is normally contained in a single
chip.
 The µ-p is comprised of a register section, one or
more ALU’s and a control unit.
 Depending on the register section, the µ-p can
be classified either as an accumulator – based
or a general purpose register – based machine.

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 Cont...
 In an accumulator- based µ-p, all the arithmetic and
logic operations are performed using a special
register called the ‘accumulator’ as one of the data
source. The result after the operation is stored in the
accumulator. 8-bit MPs are usually accumulator-
based. e.g. Intel 8085 and Motorola 6809
 The general purpose register – based µ-p is called
general purpose , since its registers can be used to
hold data, memory address, or the results of
arithmetic or logic operations.
 The number, size, and types of registers vary from
one µ-p to another.
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 A microprocessor performs 3 main tasks
for the computer system:-

 Data transfer between microprocessor and

the memory or between microprocessor and
I/O systems.
 Simple arithmetic and logic operations.
 Program flow through simple decisions.

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 Basics Terms used in MP
• Instruction Set - The group of commands that the
microprocessor can understand is called Instruction set. It is
an interface between hardware and software.
• Bus - Set of conductors intended to transmit data, address or
control information to different elements in a microprocessor.
A microprocessor will have three types of buses, i.e., data bus,
address bus, and control bus.
• IPC (Instructions Per Cycle) - It is a measure of how many
instructions a CPU is capable of executing in a single clock.
• Clock Speed - It is the number of operations per second the
processor can perform. It can be expressed in megahertz
(MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). It is also called the Clock Rate.

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 Cont.…
• Bandwidth - The number of bits processed in a single
instruction is called Bandwidth.
• Word Length - The number of bits the processor can
process at a time is called the word length of the processor.
8-bit Microprocessor may process 8 -bit data at a time.
The range of word length is from 4 bits to 64 bits
depending upon the type of the microcomputer.
• Data Types - The microprocessor supports multiple data
type formats like binary, ASCII, signed and unsigned
numbers

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 Features of Microprocessor
 Low Cost - Due to integrated circuit technology
microprocessors are available at very low cost. It will reduce
the cost of a computer system.
 High Speed - Due to the technology involved in it, the
microprocessor can work at very high speed. It can execute
millions of instructions per second.
 Small Size - A microprocessor is fabricated in a very less
footprint due to very large scale and ultra large scale
integration technology. Because of this, the size of the
computer system is reduced.
 Versatile - The same chip can be used for several applications,
therefore, microprocessors are versatile.

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 Features of Microprocessor
 Low Power Consumption - Microprocessors are using
metal oxide semiconductor technology, which consumes
less power.
 Less Heat Generation - Microprocessors uses
semiconductor technology which will not emit much heat
as compared to vacuum tube devices.
 Reliable - Since microprocessors use semiconductor
technology, therefore, the failure rate is very less. Hence it
is very reliable.
 Portable - Due to the small size and low power
consumption microprocessors are portable.

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 Difference between microprocessor and
microcomputer?
MICROPROCESSOR: is a semiconductor device consist on
electric circuit based on LSI or VLSI technic.
 Memory and I/O device are connected externally.

 Microprocessor can be used for multitasking.

 In microprocessor memory connected externally so it can be used for

large program.
 It is more flexible.

 Per unit cost is high in the microprocessor.

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 What is Microcontroller?
 A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical
microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
 Microcontrollers are mostly designed for embedded applications
and are heavily used in automatically controlled electronic devices
such as cellphones, cameras, microwave ovens, washing machines,
etc.
 It consists of a central processing unit (CPU), nonvolatile memory,
volatile memory, peripherals, and support circuitry.

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 Difference between microprocessor &
Microcontroller

 In Microprocessor we have to connect external RAM, ROM, I/o,

Timers and interrupts by externally, where as Microcontroller
RAM, ROM,I/O, Timers serial communication all are in built in
microcontroller
 Microprocessor is used in Higher end Industrial projects where as
Microcontroller can be used for lower end projects because
processor can be connected by external memory where as in
controller it is fixed memory in some case we can add external
memory also 25
Cont

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 Evolution of Microprocessor
 First Generation (4-bit Microprocessors):-
The first generation microprocessors were introduced in
the year 1971-1972 by Intel Corporation.
It was named Intel 4004 since it was a 4-bit processor.
It was a processor on a single chip.
It could perform simple arithmetic and logical
operations such as addition, subtraction, Boolean OR
and Boolean AND.
They were designed using the PMOS(P-type Metal
Oxide Semiconductor) technology.
PMOS technology provides low speed, and low output
currents
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 Cont.…

 Second Generation (8 - bit Microprocessor)

The second generation microprocessors were introduced
in 1973 again by Intel.
 It was a first 8 - bit microprocessor which could
perform arithmetic and logic operations on 8-bit words.
These microprocessors were fabricated using the
NMOS (N-type MOS) technology. where NMOS offers
faster speed than PMOS
Motorola 6800 & 6809, Intel 8085,Intel 8008 Zilog
Z80, improved version was Intel 8088.

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 Cont.…
 Third Generation (16 - bit Microprocessor)
Introduced in 1978 were represented by Intel's 8086,
Zilog Z800 and 80286, Motorola 68000/68010 which
were 16 - bit processors with a performance like
minicomputers.
The processors were designed using the HMOS(high
density MOS) technology.
HMOS provides 4 times more speeder than NMOS

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 Cont.…
 Fourth Generation (32 - bit Microprocessors)

Several different companies introduced the 32-bit microprocessors,

but the most popular one is the Intel 80386.

 Fifth Generation (64 - bit Microprocessors)

 From 1995 to now we are in the fifth generation.

 After 80856, Intel came out with a new processor namely Pentium

processor followed by Pentium Pro CPU, which allows multiple CPUs

in a single system to achieve multiprocessing.

 Other improved 64-bit processors are Celeron, Dual, Quad, Octa Core

processors.
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 History of
Intel Microprocessor

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• A microprocessor incorporates most of the functions of a
computer which is integrated on a single chip (IC, or
microchip).
• The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s
were used for electronic calculators, using binary coded
decimal(BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words.
• During the 1960s, computer processors were often
constructed out of small and medium-scale ICs
containing from tens to a few hundred of transistors.
• The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip greatly
reduced the cost of processing power.

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4-bit processors

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In the beginning… (4-bit) Intel 4004

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 Intel 4004
 First general-purpose, single-chip microprocessor
released in 1971
 The world’s first microprocessor -the Intel 4004
was a 4 bit microprocessor with 45 instructions.
 2,300 transistors
 Bus Width 4 bits (multiplexed address/data due to
limited pins)
 Performance-[0.07 MIPS] Million Instructions Per
Sec
 It was fabricated with p-channel MOSFET
technology.
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 Cont...
 The main problems with these early 4 bit microprocessors
were its low speed, less memory size and the huge price .
 Early it was used in video games and small microprocessor
based control systems.
 The 4-bit microprocessor were used in low end applications
such as microwave ovens and small control systems.
 Most calculators are still based on 4 bit microprocessors.

 its function could be changed by programming rather than

redesigning HW. These factors pushed evolution of μPs
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 The Microprocessor
– Pictures of 4004

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 The Microprocessor
• Features of Intel 4004
 It was the first commercially available μP
 Operated with 4 bits at a time
 Ran at clock speed of 108kHZ
 Packaged in a 16-pin ceramic DIP
 It was programmable, and provided functions of
computer at chip level
 Ted Hoff and Federico Faggin were lead
designers

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8-bit processors

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 Intel 8008
 In 1972, Intel introduced Intel 8008 an extended
8-bit version of 4004 microprocessors.
 8008 was having 48 instructions and a memory
of 16 KB.
 3,500 transistors
 Performance: 0.09 MIPS
 Bus Width 8 bits (multiplexed address/data due
to limited pins)
 Targeted at laboratory instrumentation
 Mostly sold in Europe
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 Cont...
• Intel 8008 was the world's first 8-bit
microprocessor.
• The 8008 was the precursor to the very
successful Intel 8080 (1974), Zilog Z80
(1976), and derivative Intel 8-bit processors.

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 Intel 8080
 Later in 1974 Intel introduced Intel 8080 – the
modern 8 bit microprocessor
 Intel 8080 addresses 4 times more memory (64 KB)
than Intel 8008 and it was able to execute
instructions 10 times faster than 8008 µ-p.
 0.64 MIPS
 Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address
 Number of Transistors 6,000
 Used in the Traffic light controller, cruise missile
etc..
 After a few months Motorola co-operation
introduced its MC6800 microprocessor.
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 More 8-bit processors…
•Soon, many other companies began to introduce
their own versions of 8 bit microprocessors.
 Farechild(F-8),
 MOS technology 6502,
 National semi conductors (IMP-8)
 Rockwell International(PPS-8)
 Zilog (Z-80) etc.

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 Intel 8085
 In 1977 Intel Corporation introduced an updated
version of 8080- the Intel 8085.
 This was to be the last 8 bit µ-p produced by Intel.
 Intel 8085 microprocessor was the most successful
8 bit general purpose microprocessor.
 Intel has managed to sell well over 100 million
copies of the 8085 microprocessor.
 8085 has 246 instructions in its instruction set.
 Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address
 Number of Transistors 6,500
44
16-bit microprocessors

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 The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was
the National Semiconductor IMP-16,
 Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors
include, one used by
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
,packaged in PDP 11/03 minicomputer.
 Another early single-chip 16-bit microprocessor
was TI's TMS 9900.
 The TMS 9900 was used in the TI 990/4
minicomputer, the TI-99/4A home computer,
and the TM990 line of microcomputer boards
etc... 46
 Intel followed a different path, having no
minicomputers to emulate, and instead they
"upsized" their previous design into the 16-bit
Intel 8086, the first member of the x86 family,
which powers most modern PC type
computers.
 Intel introduced the 8086 as a cost effective
way of porting software from the other
processor lines, and succeeded in winning
much business on that premise.

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 Intel 8086
 In 1978, Intel released the Intel 8086 µ-p
 The 8086 was able to address 1MB of memory,
which is 16 times more than 8085.
 These microprocessors were called CISC
(Complex Instruction Set Computers).
 16 bits data bus,20 bits address bus
 Number of Transistors 29,000
 The 16 bit µ-ps also provided more internal
registers, & more storage space than 8-bit µ-
processors.
48
Intel 8086

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 Within one year, Intel again released the Intel
8088-microprocessor,a 16 bit µ-p.
 The 8088, a version of the 8086 that used an
external 8-bit data bus, was the microprocessor
in the first IBM PC, the model 5150.
 Following up their 8086 and 8088, Intel
released the 80186, 80286 and, later, the 32-bit
80386, cementing their PC market dominance
with the processor family's backwards
compatibility.

50
 Intel 80186
 Introduced in 1982
 Used in several computers including
RM Nimbus, Tandy 2000
 Included two timers, a DMA controller,
and an interrupt controller on the chip in
addition to the processor
 Later renamed the iAPX 186

51
 Intel 80286
 Intel introduced the 80286 µ-p in 1983.
 Intel’s 80286 is also a 16 bit microprocessor;
almost identical to the 8086 and 8088.
 But it addressed 16MB memory instead of
1MB as in 8086/8088
 Not only that, it was having some additional
instructions and its execution speed was
higher than 8086 /8088.
 Bus Width- 16 bits data and 24 bit address
 Included memory protection hardware to
support multitasking operating systems
 Number of Transistors 1,34,000
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 The 8086 and 80186 had a crude method of
segmentation, while the 80286 introduced a full-
featured segmented memory management unit
(MMU).

53
32-bit processors

54
 Applications began to demand faster microprocessor
speed, more memory and many more……
 As a result, in 1981, 4th generation microprocessors
were evolved.
 Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor was the iAPX 432,
which was introduced in 1981 but was not a
commercial success.
 It was a problematic one and was eventually
discontinued by Intel itself.
 Since 1985, more 32 bit microprocessors have been
introduced.

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 BELLMAC-32A
• The world's first single-chip fully-32-bit microprocessor, with
32-bit data paths, and 32-bit address , was the AT&T Bell Labs
BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and general
production in 1982.
• Motorola came with MC68010, which added virtual memory
support.
• The MC68020, introduced in 1985 added full 32-bit data and
address busses.
• The 68020 became popular in the Unix super microcomputer
market, and many small companies (e.g., Altos, Charles River
Data Systems) produced desktop-size systems.

56
• The MC68030 was introduced next, improving
upon the previous design by integrating the
MMU into the chip.
• The continued success led to the MC68040,
which included a better math performance.
• A 68050 failed to achieve its performance
goals and was not released, and the follow-up
MC68060 was released into a market saturated
by much faster RISC designs.

57
• During this time (early to mid-1980s),
National Semiconductor introduced a very similar
16-bit pinout, called the NS 16032 (later renamed
32016), the full 32-bit version named the NS 32032
• The MIPS R2000 (1984) and R3000 (1989) were
highly successful 32-bit RISC microprocessors. They
were used in high-end workstations and servers
among others.
• Other designs included the interesting Zilog Z80000,
which arrived too late to market to stand a chance
and disappeared quickly.

58
• In the late 1980s, "microprocessor wars" started
killing off some of the microprocessors.
• Apparently, with only one major design win,
Sequent, the NS 32032 just faded out of
existence, and Sequent switched to Intel
microprocessors.

59
• From 1985 to 2003, the 32-bit Intel x86 architectures
became increasingly dominant in desktop, laptop, and
server markets, and these microprocessors became faster
and more capable.
• Intel had licensed early versions of the architecture to
other companies, but declined to license the Pentium.
• So, AMD and Cyrix built later versions of the
architecture based on their own designs.
• During this span, these processors increased in
complexity (transistor count) as well as capability
(instructions/second)

60
 Intel 80386
 In 1986, Intel Corporation introduced Intel 80386 -
Intel’s first practical 32 bit microprocessor and
was able to address up to 4GB of memory.
 Bus Width- 32 bits data & 32 bit address
 Number of Transistors 2,75,000
 Used in Desktop computing
 The 80386 was available in a few modified
versions such as the 80386SX, 80386SL,
80386SLC, 80386EX etc….

61
 Intel 80486
 Introduced in 1989
 Bus Width 32 bits
 Number of Transistors were around 1 million
 Addressable memory 4 GB
 Math coprocessor on chip
 Virtual memory 1 TB
 Level 1 cache of 8 KB on chip
 Used in Desktop computing and servers

62
 Pentium Processors
Intel introduced Pentium I µ-p in 1993.
The memory system contained up to 4GB.
Around 3 million transistors
The widened data bus and higher execution
speed of the Pentium processor allow full
frame video displays compared to the
commercial television.
 The Pentium microprocessor executes 2
instructions simultaneously which are not
dependent on each other, because it contains
2 independent internal integer processors
called superscalar technology.
63
 Pentium Pro- processor
 Introduced in 1995
 Precursor to Pentium II and III
 Primarily used in server systems
 Number of transistors around 5
million

64
 Pentium II
 In 1997, Intel released Pentium II µ-p with 100MHz bus
speed.
 Pentium Pro with improved 16-bit performance
 Number of transistors -around 7 million
 32 KB L1 cache
Pentium II Xeon
 Introduced June, 1998
 Intel announced a new version of Pentium II, called
Xeon, which was specifically designed for high-end
work stations and server applications.

65
 Intel Pentium III
 After Pentium II, Intel released Pentium III
microprocessor with a faster performance in 1999
 Number of transistors 9.5 million
 System Bus clock rate 100 MHz, 133 MHz (B-models)
 System Bus Width 64 bit
 Addressable memory 64 GB
 The speed of the bus, connection from the µ-p to the
memory controller, AGP controller and more are done
in a better way comparing to Pentium II.

66
 Intel Pentium IV
 In late 2000,Intel released Pentium IV
microprocessor with almost similar architecture
as Pentium III.
 System Bus clock rate 400 MHz
 Number of Transistors 42 million
 Used in desktops and entry-level workstations
 Higher microprocessor speed are made
available by an improvement in the size of the
internal integration.
67
 Variations of Pentium-IV
….
Pentium 4EE ("Extreme Edition“)
 Introduced September 2003
Pentium 4E
 Introduced in 2004
 533 MHz system bus
 Number of Transistors 125 million (on 1 MB
Models )
Pentium 4F
 Introduced in the end of 2004
68
 The early 2000s saw the introduction of 64-bit
microprocessors targeted at the PC market.
 With AMD's introduction of a 64-bit architecture
backwards-compatible with x86, (also called AMD64), in
September 2003, followed by Intel's near fully compatible
64-bit extensions (first called IA-32e or EM64T, later
renamed Intel 64), the 64-bit desktop era began.
 With operating systems like Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows 7, Linux, etc.. that run 64-bit
native, the software is also geared to fully utilize the
capabilities of such processors.

69
Multi core designs

70
 New view: Cluster On a Chip (CoC)
• Use several simple processors on a single
chip:
–Performance goes up linearly in number of
transistors
–Simpler processors can run at faster clocks
–Less design cost/time, Less time to market
risk (reuse)

71
 Dual-core processor
 A multi-core processor combines two or more
independent cores (normally a CPU) into a
single package composed of a single
integrated circuit (IC).
 A dual-core processor contains two cores.
 and a quad-core processor contains four
cores.

72
Diagram of a generic dual core processor

73
 Intel Pentium D
 Introduced May 26, 2005
 Number of Transistors 230 million
 Dual-core based microprocessor

74
Pentium-D

75
 A different approach to improve a computer's
performance is to add extra processors, as in
symmetric multiprocessing designs, which have
been popular in servers and workstations since
the early 1990s.
 A multi-core processor is simply a single chip
containing more than one microprocessor core,
effectively multiplying the potential
performance with the number of cores.

76
 In 2005, the first personal computer dual-core
processors were announced.
 In 2009, dual-core and quad-core processors are
widely used in servers, workstations and PCs while six
and eight-core processors will be available for high-
end applications in both the home and professional
environments.
 Sun Microsystems has released the Niagara and
Niagara 2 chips, both of which feature an eight-core
design.

77
• High-end Intel Xeon processors are DP (dual
processor) capable.
• With the Intel i7 and i5 chips, quad core is
considered as mainstream, but with the release
of the i7-980x, six core processors are now
well within reach.

78
 Intel Core i3
 Introduced January, 2010
 2 physical cores/4 threads
 64 Kb L1 cache
 512 Kb L2 cache
 4 MB L3 cache
 Variants
 530 – 2.93 GHz Hyper-Threading
 540 – 3.06 GHz Hyper-Threading
 550 – 3.2 GHz Hyper-Threading
 560 – 3.33 GHz Hyper-Threading

79
 Intel Core i5
– Introduced January, 2010
– 2 physical cores/4 threads
– 64 Kb L1 cache
– 512 Kb L2 cache
– 4 MB L3 cache
– Socket 1156 LGA
– 2-channels DDR3
– Variants
• 650/655K – 3.2 GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost
• 660/661 – 3.33 GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost
• 670 – 3.46 GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost
• 680 – 3.60 GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost

80
 Intel Core i7
– Introduced 16 March 2010
– 6 physical cores
– 256 KB L2 cache
– 12 MB L3 cache
– Front side bus replaced with QuickPath up to 6.4GT/s
– Hyper-Threading is included
– Intel Turbo Boost Technology
– Socket 1366 LGA
– Variants
• 990X Extreme Edition - 3.46 GHz/3.73 GHz Turbo Boost
• 980X Extreme Edition - 3.33 GHz/3.60 GHz Turbo Boost
• 970 - 3.20 GHz/3.46 GHz Turbo Boost
81
 Intel® Core™ processor family
• 9th Gen Intel® Core™
• Intel® Core™ X-Series
• Intel® Core™ i9 processor
• Intel® Core™ i7 processor
• Intel® Core™ i5 processor
• Intel® Core™ i3 processor
• 8th Gen Intel® Core™ vPro™
• 8th Gen Intel® Core™ m3
Coprocessors

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• In typical 8-bit microprocessors such as Intel
8085 and Zilog Z-80, technology places a limit
on the chip area.
• These microprocessors include no hardware or
firmware for performing scientific
computations such as floating point arithmetic,
matrix manipulation, and graphic data
processing.
• To eliminate this problem, coprocessors are
used. The coprocessor is an external integrated
circuits that parallels most of the connections
on the microprocessor.
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• In this approach, a single chip is built for
performing scientific computations at high
speed.
• However this chip is regarded as a companion
to the original or host microprocessor.
• The companion microprocessor that operates
in this manner is called the coprocessor.
• Therefore, this concept not only extends the
capabilities of the host microprocessor, but
also increases the processing rate of the whole
system.
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 Arithmetic coprocessor
• The numeric or arithmetic coprocessor is a
special purpose microprocessor that is
especially designed to efficiently execute
arithmetic and transcendental operations.
• The Intel family of arithmetic coprocessor
includes the 8087, 80287, 80387SX,
80387DX, and the 80487SX.

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• The 80486DX to Pentium_4 microprocessors
contain their own built-in arithmetic coprocessors
(a fully –compatible versions of 80387).
• The Intel family of coprocessors, which is labeled
the 80x87 is able to multiply, divide, add,
subtract, find the square root, calculate the partial
tangent, logarithms, etc………..
• Data types include 16-, 32-, 64- bit signed
integers; and 32-, 64-, 80-bit floating point
numbers.

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 80x87 coprocessor
• The operations performed by 80x87 generally
execute faster than equivalent operations
written with the programs that use
microprocessor’s normal instruction set.
• With the improved Pentium coprocessors,
operations are at about 5 times faster than
those performed by the 80486 microprocessor.

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 Cont...
• The 80x87 executes 68 different instructions.
• The host microprocessor executes all normal
instructions and 80x87 executes arithmetic
coprocessor instructions only.
• Both the host microprocessor and coprocessor
can execute their respective instruction
concurrently.

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