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Probability

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6 views

Probability

Uploaded by

pas078bge016
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

By Dipendra Thakur
Probability
The branch of mathematics that measures the uncertainty of the occurrence of an
event using numbers is called probability. The chance that an event will or will not occur is
expressed on a scale ranging from 0-1.

It can also be represented as a percentage, where 0% denotes an impossible event and


100 % implies a certain event.

Probability of an Event E is represented by P(E).

For example, the probability of getting a head when a coin is tossed is equal to 0.5.
Similarly, the probability of getting a tail when a coin is tossed is also equal to 0.5.

Hence, the total probability will be:

P(E) = 1/2 + 1/2 = 1


Event and outcome

• An outcome is a result of a random experiment. For example, when we


roll a dice getting six is an outcome.

• An event is a set of outcomes. For example, when we roll dice, the


probability of getting a number less than five is an event.

Note: An event can have a single outcome.


Cont..
• Probability, p(E) = Number of Outcomes Favorable to E
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
QUESTION
Q) Find the probability of picking up a red ball from a basket that
contains 5 red and 7 blue balls.

Solution: Number of possible outcomes = Total number of balls = 5+7 =


12
Number of favourable outcomes = Number of red balls = 5
Hence,
Probability, P(red) = 5/12
Spade
CONT…

Club
CONT…
Notes
1. Probability is about how likely something is to occur. It’s
like measuring the possibility of an event taking place. For
example, if you toss a coin, the chance of getting heads or
tails is a kind of probability.
2. If the probability of an event is 0, then it is called as an
impossible event.
3. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an
experiment is one.
Example: take the coin-tossing experiment. P(Heads) + P(Tails )
= (1/2)+ (1/2) =1
QUESTION-1
Q) The table above shows the distribution of age and social
media presence for 720 employees at a company. If an
employee who uses social media is selected at random, what is
the probability the employee is age 30 or older?
A) 1/3
B) 4/9
C) 1/2
D) 2/3
SOLUTION-1
Question-2
Q) It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2
students not having the same birthday is 0.992. What is the
probability that the 2 students have the same birthday ?
a) 0.008
b) 0.007
c) 0.006
d) 0.004
solution
Let A be the event that 2 students have same birthday and A'
be the event that 2 students does not have same birthday.
So, A and A' are complementary events.
∴ P(A) + P(A') = 1
⇒ P(A) + 0.992 = 1
⇒ P(A) = 1 - 0.992 = 0.008
Question-3
Q) What is the probability of an impossible event?
a) 1
b) 0
c) Insufficient data
d) Not defined
Question-4
Q) What does probability mean?
a) The total number of possible outcomes in an event
b) The ratio of favorable outcomes to all outcomes
c) The chance of an event happening
d) How certain an event will occur
Question-5
Q) Two unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of
getting at most one head?
a) 3⁄4
b) 1⁄6
c) 1⁄3
d) 1⁄2
Solution
Unbiased coin means that the probability of heads is the same as the
probability of tails, each being 1/2 (equal probability of selection)

Total outcomes = (HH, HT, TH, TT)


Favorable outcomes = (TT, HT, TH)
At most one head refers to a maximum one head,
Therefore, probability = 3⁄4.
Question-6
Q) What’s the probability of drawing a red card or a card with a
face (king, queen, or jack) from a standard deck of 52 cards?
a) 13/52
b) 21/52
c) 29/52
d) 8/13
Solution
In a standard deck of 52 cards, there are 26 red cards
(diamonds and hearts) and 12 face cards (4 kings, 4 queens,
and 4 jacks). However, 6 of these cards are both red and face
cards (2 red kings, 2 red queens, and 2 red jacks). So, to avoid
double-counting, we subtract these 6 cards from the total
favorable cards: 26 (red cards) + 12 (face cards) – 6 (red face
cards) = 32 favorable cards.
The total number of cards in the deck is 52. Therefore, the
probability of drawing a red card or a card with a face is 32/52,
which simplifies to 8/13.
Question-7
Q) What is the probability of drawing a black card from a pack of
cards?
Solution: Here the event E is drawing a black card from a pack of
cards.
The total number of outcomes = 52
The number of favorable outcomes = 26
Hence, the probability of event occurring is
P(E) = 26/52 = 1/2
Question-8
Q) What is the probability of drawing a king from a deck of cards?
Solution: Here the event E is drawing a king from a deck of cards.
There are 52 cards in a deck of cards.
Hence, total number of outcomes = 52
The number of favorable outcomes = 4 (as there are 4 kings in a deck)
Hence, the probability of this event occurring is
P(E) = 4/52 = 1/13

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