Introduction to Data

Communication & Networking

: T D Kavu
 Questions to Answer
 Why do we need a network ?
 What infrastructure do we need to create
a network ?
 Which technologies have been used in
networking ?
 Which technology do you consider the
best and why
 The History of Networks
1876 Invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham
Bell
1879 First private switchboard
1915 Transcontinental and transatlantic phone service
begins
1951 Direct-dial long distance service begins
1962 Telstar satellite begins to transmit international calls
1962 Fax services begin to be offered
1963 Touch tone dialing begins to be used
1984 Cell phones come into service
 Cont…………………
 1950s: batch processing mainframes
 1960s: data communications over phone lines
became common and mainframes became multi-
user systems
 1970s: online real-time, transaction-oriented
systems replaced batch processing. DBMSs
become common
 1980s: the PC revolution
 1990s: PC LANs become common
 2000: networking everywhere
 Internet Milestones
• Originally called ARPANET, the Internet began in
1969 as a military-academic network in the US
(originally 4 nodes).
• 1983, Milnet (for military) split off. After, Internet
used for academic, education and research only
• 1986 NSFNet created as US Internet backbone
• Early 1990s, commercial access to the Internet begins.
Government funding of backbone ends in 1994.
• As of early 2001, the Internet had an estimated 40
million servers and 400 million users. Growth in the
use of the Internet continues at a rapid rate.
(see cyberatlas.internet.com)
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 What is Telecomms
 The term telecommunication means
communication at a distance. The word
data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the
parties creating and using the data
Cont….
Cont…
Cont….
 What is Data Communication
 Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
 The movement of computer information from
one point to another by means of electrical or
optical transmission systems (called
networks).
 Improve the day-to-day control of a business
by providing faster information flow.
Communication Systems
 Process describing transfer of information, data, instructions between
one or more systems through some media
 Examples
 people, computers, cell phones, etc.
 Computer communication systems
 Signals passing through the communication channel can be Digital, or
analog
 Analog signals: continuous electrical waves
 Digital signals: individual electrical pulses (bits)
 Receivers and transmitters: desktop computers, mainframe computers,
etc.
Communication Systems
 Datacom Basics
Telecommunications
transmission of voice, video, data,
- imply longer distances
- broader term

Data Communications
movement of computer information
by means of electrical or optical
transmission systems
convergence

Broadband Communications
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 What is a Network
 A network consists of 2 or more
computers connected together, and
they can communicate and share
resources (e.g. information)
Why Networking?
•Sharing information — i.e. data communication

•Do you prefer these?

•Or this?
 •Sharing hardware or software
•E.g. print document

•Centralize administration and support

•E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same
administrative or support application from their PCs

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 How many kinds of Networks?
•Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify
networks in different ways
• Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial
cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless
• Based on network size: LAN and WAN (and MAN)
• Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and
Client/Server
• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring …
:
:
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 Types of Networks
 Local Area Networks (LANs) - room, building
– a group of PCs that share a circuit.
 Backbone Networks - less than few kms
– a high speed backbone linking the LANs at various
locations.
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (< few 10 kms)
– connects LANs and BNs at different locations
– leased lines or other services used to transmit data.
 Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (> few 10 kms)
– Same as MAN except wider scale
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 LAN and WAN
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Small network, short distance
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization
• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room
• Network inside CF502
• Network inside your home
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 • Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links
to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different
places far apart.
• Towns, states, countries
Your home
• Examples:
• Network of our Campus
• Internet

WAN USA

Student
Computer
21 Centre
 •Example of WAN: Broadband Cable Network

•Cable TV services have been extensively developed in most

modern cities
•Cable TV companies try to make use of their coaxial cable
installed (that are supposed to carry TV signals) to deliver
broadband data services
•Many cable network wiring has been replaced with hybrid
fiber-coax (HFC) ― i.e. use of fiber-optic cable to connect to
the subscribers’ buildings, and then the original coaxial cable
to connect to each household

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 Intranet
– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies
– Open only those inside the organization
– Example: insurance related information provided to employees
over an intranet
 Private networks set up using the same
technology as the Internet (web
servers, Java, HTML) but only open to
users inside an organization are called
intranets
 Extranet
– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies
– Open only those invited users outside the organization
– Accessible through the Internet
– Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory
information in a company over an extranet
 Extranets uses Internet technologies to provide
invited users access to corporate network
resources such as information services and
databases. Extranet access is usually controlled
using passwords, but newer technologies, such as
smart cards, are also being used
Five Components of Data
Communication

1.Message
2.Sender
3.Receiver
4.Medium
5.Protocol

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Direction of data flow

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

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A Communications Model
Data Communications Model
Networks: key issues
 Network criteria
 Performance

 Throughput
 Delay
 Reliability
 Data transmitted are identical to data received.
 Measured by the frequency of failure
 The time it takes a link to recover from a failure
 Security
 Protecting data from unauthorized access

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Terminology

 The throughput or bandwidth of a channel is the

number of bits it can transfer per second

 The latency or delay of a channel is the time that

elapses between sending information and the
earliest possible reception of it

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Devices that connect networks
 Routers are responsible for forwarding internetwork
packets from one subnet or network to another.
 Bridges connect networks of different types, such as
FDDI to Ethernet. They are often CPUs or circuit cards
in a PC.
 Hubs are connectors for broadcast networks such as
Ethernet.
 Switches are similar to routers, but connect only
LANs, usually Ethernet.
Figure 1-1. Components of a Network 32
Nortel Routers
A Dell Ethernet Switch
 Peer-to-Peer Networks
•Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup
•No hierarchy among computers  all are equal
•No administrator responsible for the network

Peer-to-peer

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 •Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibility of the computer

•Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:

• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy
• Difficult to handle uneven loading
•Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:
• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue
• Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
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 Clients and Servers
• Network Clients (Workstation)
• Computers that request network resources or services
• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources
and services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and
hard disk space than clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not
only data, but also users, groups, security, and
applications on the network
• Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its
37 performance and reliability
 •Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and
control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access to
Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-
peer networks

•Disadvantages of client/server networks

• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system

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Network Applications
 The network applications environment
consists of several important components:
– Application programs
– Operating systems
– Data communication systems
– Database management systems
Business Data Communication
Applications
 Major data communication applications
include:
– E-mail
– Groupware
– Knowledge management systems
– E-commerce and e-business applications
– Wireless applications
 Communication Technology
Applications

voice mail Twitter

instant
e-mail chat rooms
messaging

newsgroups telephony videoconferencing

collaboration groupware global positioning

system (GPS)
Communication Technologies -
Applications
 Different technologies allowing us to communicate
 Examples: Voice mail, fax, email, instant message, chat rooms, news groups, telephony,
GPS, and more
 Voice mail: Similar to answering machine but digitized
 Fax: Sending hardcopy of text or photographs between computers using fax modem
 Email: electronic mail – sending text, files, images between different computer networks
- must have email software
 More than 1.3 billion people send 244 billion messages monthly!
 Chat rooms: Allows communications in real time when connected to the Internet
 Telephony: Talking to other people over the Internet (also called VoIP)
 Sends digitized audio signals over the Internet
 Requires Internet telephone software
 Groupware: Software application allowing a group of people to communicate with each
other (exchange data)
 Address book, appointment book, schedules, etc.
 GPS: consists of receivers connected to satellite systems
 Determining the geographical location of the receiver
 Used for cars, advertising, hiking, tracking, etc.
Protocol

 protocols define format, order of msgs sent and

received among network entities, and actions
taken on msg transmission, receipt
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
time
Hi
TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
time? Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm

2:00
<file>

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Layered Tasks
An example from the everyday life

Hierarchy?
Services

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 Communication Channels
 A channel is a path between two communication devices
 Channel capacity: How much data can be passed through
the channel (bit/sec)
 Also called channel bandwidth
 The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!
 Consists of one or more transmission media
 Materials carrying the signal
 Two types:
 Physical: wire cable

 Wireless: Air
T1
lines T1
destination lines
network
server T3
lines

T1
lines
Physical Transmission Media
 A tangible media
 Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, Fiber-optics, etc.
 Twisted-pair cable:
 One or more twisted wires bundled together (why?)
 Made of copper
 Coax-Cable:
 Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of
insulating and metal materials
 Typically used for cable TV
 Fiber-optics:
 Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light
 Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to natural
disturbances
 Transmission Media
• Two main categories:
– Guided ― wires, cables
– Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
• We will concentrate on guided media here:
– Twisted-Pair cables:
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
– Coaxial cables
– Fiber-optic cables
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 Physical Transmission Media

twisted-pair cable twisted-pair wire

woven or
braided metal copper wire

plastic outer insulating

coating material

optical fiber
core

glass cladding

protective
coating
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
• Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical
protection)
• A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

Insulator Metal
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 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
• STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a
metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each
pair of insulated wires

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Wireless Transmission Media
 Broadcast Radio
 Distribute signals through the air over
long distance
 Uses an antenna
 Typically for stationary locations
 Can be short range
 Cellular Radio
 A form of broadcast radio used for
mobile communication
 High frequency radio waves to transmit
voice or data
 Utilizes frequency-reuse
Wireless Transmission Media
 Microwaves
 Radio waves providing high speed
transmission
 They are point-to-point (can’t be obstructed)
 Used for satellite communication
 Infrared (IR)
 Wireless transmission media that sends
signals using infrared light- waves - Such as?
 Physical Transmission Media

Wireless channel capacity:

100 Mbps is how many bits per sec?

Which is bigger:
10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?