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Phylogeny and Systematics

The document discusses phylogeny and systematics. It defines phylogeny as the evolutionary history of a species or group, and systematics as using comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships. It explains that organisms more closely related share more similar morphologies and DNA sequences. Phylogenetic trees depict these evolutionary relationships, showing branching points that represent divergence of species. While taxonomy groups organisms based on characteristics, phylogenetic systematics determines evolutionary history.

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493 views

Phylogeny and Systematics

The document discusses phylogeny and systematics. It defines phylogeny as the evolutionary history of a species or group, and systematics as using comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships. It explains that organisms more closely related share more similar morphologies and DNA sequences. Phylogenetic trees depict these evolutionary relationships, showing branching points that represent divergence of species. While taxonomy groups organisms based on characteristics, phylogenetic systematics determines evolutionary history.

Uploaded by

zorbax
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF or read online on Scribd
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Phylogeny and

Systematics
putting things in order
Definitions
• Phylogeny (group origin)
– The evolutionary history of a species or
group of related species
• Systematics
– The use of morphological (appearance),
and molecular comparisons to infer
evolutionary relationships

23.1
Determining Phylogeny
• Organisms that share very similar
morphologies or similar DNA
sequences are likely to be more closely
related than organisms with vastly
different structures or sequences

Phylogenetic Tree
Analogy vs. Homology
• A potential
misconception in
constructing a phylogeny
– Is morphological similarity
due to convergent
evolution, called analogy,
rather than shared
ancestry, called homology

23.2
Carolus Linnaeus Developed
• Taxonomy
– the organization of organisms into
categories based on a set of
characteristics
• Binomial nomenclature
– the two-part format of the scientific name
of an organism (genus and species)
– The genus is capitalized and both words
are italicized in print
23.3
Hierarchical Classification
• Linnaeus also introduced a system
– For grouping species in increasingly
broad categories
Panthera
Species pardus

Panthera
Genus

Felidae
Family

Carnivora
Order

Mammalia
Class

Phylum Chordata

Animalia
Kingdom
23.3/23.4
Eukarya
Domain
How is taxonomic classification
different from phylogenetic
systematics?
Phylogenetic
Taxonomy
Systematics

Does not Determines


consider Groups organisms evolutionary
evolutionary using specific history
history characters
Linking Taxonomy and
Phylogeny
• Systematists depict

Species
Panthera Mephitis Lutra lutra Canis Canis

evolutionary pardus mephitis (European familiaris lupus


(leopard) (striped skunk) otter) (domestic dog) (wolf)

relationships
– In branching
Genus
Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis

phylogenetic trees
Family
called cladograms Felidae Mustelidae Canidae
Order

Carnivora

23.5
• Each branch point
– Represents the divergence of two species

Leopard Domestic cat

Common ancestor
23.5
• “Deeper” branch points
– Represent progressively greater amounts
of divergence

Wolf Leopard Domestic cat

Common ancestor
23.5
Cladistics
Cladistics

ian
ila

ib

R an
ph

et

ph
el

se
– the use of cladograms to

so

m
nc

sh

rd

ou
Am

Hu
ro

at
La

Bi
Fi
D

M
Mesozoic Cenozoic
compare the evolutionary

65.5
history of different groups
– depicts the number of

251
evolutionary changes with lines

Paleozoic
of different lengths

542
Proterozoic

Millions of
years ago

23.5

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