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Week 1basic Principles Physics

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Week 1basic Principles Physics

Uploaded by

jonathanrasiah8593
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Principles of

Physic
Lecture By Dr. Hasitha Withanage
What is Physics?
• The study of matter and energy, is an antient and broad field of
Science.
• The field aims to analyse and understand the natural phenomena
of the universe.
• It provide basis for all other sciences.
• Mathematics is the language in physics.
Units
• All physical quantities are measured with related to a standard magnitude of the
same physical quantities and the standards are called UNITS. eg: length, time,
temperature….etc.
• SI Units – International System of Units

Basic Quantities Name of Unit Symbol of Unit


Length Metre M
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second S
Temperature Kelvin K
Eclectic current Ampere A
Amount od substance Mole mol
Derived quantities from base quantities
Quantity Name Symbol SI Unit
Force Newton N kg/
Energy Joule J kg/
Power Watt W kg/
Frequency Hertz Hz
Pressure Pascal Pa kg/
Electric potential Volt V .kg.
Dimension
• A parameter or measurement required to define the characteristics
of an object i.e. length(L), Mass(M), Time(T) and Temperature(θ)
• Dimensions are always expressed in brackets.
Force = mass X acceleration
Dimensional formula – (ML)
Scalar and Vectors
Scalars Vectors

• Scalar quantities only have • Vector quantities have both magnitude


magnitude. and direction.
• Can add or subtract using simple • They are written with an arrow above
arithmetic. the quantity.
1. Distance 1. Displacement
2. Speed 2. Velocity
3. Mass 3. Weight
4. Energy 4. Acceleration
5. Length 5. Force
6. Power 6. Gravity
Resolution of Vectors
• Resolution of vectors involves breaking down a vector into its component vectors
along different axes.
• Horizontal Component (X-Component): The projection of the vector onto the x-
axis.
• Vertical Component (Y-Component): The projection of the vector onto the y-
axis.
• Fundamental operation in physics and mathematics.
• Combines two or more vectors to find their resultant or sum.
• There are two methods used;
1. Graphic method
2. Algebraic method
Graphic Method
• Visualize vectors as arrows with magnitude and direction
• Add vectors by connecting them head-to-tail
• Resultant vector connects the initial point of the first vector to the
terminal point of the last vector
• I.e.
Algebraic method
• Represent vectors using components along coordinate axes
• Add corresponding components of vectors
• Resultant vector's components are sums of individual vectors' components
• Magnitude and direction can be found using trigonometry
• Use trigonometric functions (sine and cosine) to find the components.
 Horizontal Component=Magnitude × cos⁡(Angle)
 Vertical Component=Magnitude × sin⁡(Angle)
Relative Motion
• Relative motion refers to the motion of an object in relation to
another moving or stationary object.
• Motion is always described with respect to a chosen frame of
reference.
• A frame of reference can be stationary or in motion.
• Example:
1. Imagine two cars, A and B, moving on a straight road.
2. The motion of car A is described relative to car B, and vice
versa.
Liner Motion
• Linear motion refers to the motion of an object along a straight
path, without deviating from that path.
• The equations of linear motion describe the relationship between
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
1.Displacement: Change in position of an object in a particular
direction.
2.Velocity: Rate of change of displacement with respect to time.
3.Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
Equations of Motion
Displacement:

s: Displacement
u: Initial velocity
a: Acceleration
t: Time
Velocity:

v: Final velocity
u: Initial velocity
a: Acceleration
t: Time
Acceleration:

a: Acceleration
v: Final velocity
u: Initial velocity
Resultant of Forces
• Resultant force is the single force that can replace multiple forces acting on an
object without changing its effect.
• Addition of Vectors: Resultant force is found by adding all forces vectorially.
• Used in engineering to determine the net force acting on structures.
Equilibrium
• Static Equilibrium: Net force and net torque acting on an object are both zero.
• Dynamic Equilibrium: Object is moving at a constant velocity with zero net
force.
• Essential for ensuring stability in buildings, bridges, and other structures.
Moment of a Force (Torque)
• Moment (Torque) is the rotational effect of a force about a point or axis.
• Formula: Torque = Force × Perpendicular distance from the pivot.
• Important in designing levers, gears, and other mechanical systems.
Centre of Gravity
• Centre of Gravity (CG) is the point through which the entire weight of an object
acts.
• Stability: Object is stable if its CG is above the base of support.
• Considered in vehicle design, construction, and stability analysis.
Newtons Laws of Motion
Newton's First Law
• An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external
force.
• Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
• Example: A book resting on a table remains at rest until a force is applied to move
it.
Newton's Second Law
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it
and inversely proportional to its mass.
• Formula: F = ma,
 F is the net force
 m is the mass
 a is the acceleration.
• Example: Pushing a shopping cart requires more force to accelerate a heavier cart
than a lighter one.
Newton's Third Law
• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an
equal and opposite force on the first.
• Example: When a person jumps off a boat, the force exerted by their feet on the
boat propels the boat in the opposite direction.
Momentum
• Definition: Momentum is the product of an object's mass and
velocity.
• Formula: p = mv, where p is momentum, m is mass, and v is
velocity.
• Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total
momentum remains constant.
 Collision
 Explosion
Circular Motion
• Circular motion is motion along a circular path.
• Centripetal Force: Force directed towards the center of the circle,
responsible for keeping an object in circular motion.
• Examples: Planetary orbits, carousel rides, and rotating
machinery.
Rotational Motion
• Rotational motion is motion about a fixed axis.
• Angular Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration: Describe the rotation of an
object.
• Applications: Wheels turning, spinning tops, and rotating turbines.
Angular Momentum
• Angular momentum is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum.
• Formula: L = Iω,
 L is angular momentum
 I is moment of inertia
 ω is angular velocity.
• Conservation of Angular Momentum: In the absence of external torques, the total
angular momentum of a system remains constant.
Moment of Inertia of a Body
• Moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its
rotational motion.
• Depends on Distribution of Mass: Objects with more mass distributed farther
from the axis of rotation have higher moments of inertia.
• Applications: Determining how easily an object can be rotated.
Thank You!

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