MODULE 2

Homeostasis & the nervous system:

Communication
and Regulation

DANETA JEAN C. REALUBIN

Teacher III
Most Essential
learning competency:
Describe how the nervous system coordinates
and regulates feedback mechanism to
maintain homeostasis.
objectives of the module:
1. Identify how body systems are kept within certain limits.
2. Describe how the Nervous System coordinates and
regulates feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
3. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback.
the nervous system
The organized network
1. of nerve tissue in the
body.
responsible for the
2. control of the body and
communication among
its parts
Neurons, also
known as nerve
cells, communicate
within the body by
transmitting
electrochemical
signals/neural
impulse.
 SENSORY
NEURONS
Sensory neurons are
triggered by physical and
chemical inputs from your
environment.
 SENSORY
NEURONS
Sound, touch, heat, and
light are physical inputs.
Smell and taste are
chemical inputs.
MOTOR NEURONS

Motor neurons play a role

in movement, including
voluntary and involuntary
movements.
INTERNEURONS
They are the ones in
between - they connect
spinal motor and sensory
neurons.
 INTERNEURONS
They transfer signals
between sensory and motor
neurons, interneurons can
also communicate with
each other, forming circuits
of various complexity.
 HOW DO
SIGNALS
TRAVEL IN A
NEURON?
 Dendrites
receives
signals from
other neurons
and pass it the
cell body.
 Cell body is
the support
center of the
neuron. It
sends the
signals to the
Axon passes
the signal to
the axon
terminal.
 Axon
terminal will
pass the
signal to other
neurons.
Neurotransmitters
are chemicals
stimulated as the
signals reach the
end of the neuron.
This will travel in
the spaces
between neurons
called synapses.
 DIVISIONS OF the
nervous system:
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
These two systems work together to transmit and process
sensory information then coordinate it to the bodily functions.
 CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
It consists of two parts:
the brain and the spinal
cord.
 BRAIN
The brain is
protected by the
skull.
 BRAIN
It functions as
organizer and
distributor of
information for the
body.
 THREE PARTS OF
THE BRAIN BRAIN STEM

 Connects the brain to

CEREBELLUM the spinal cord
 Controls automatic
CEREBRUM  Under the functions such as
cerebrum breathing, digestion,
Largest part  Controls heart rate and blood
Controls posture, pressure
activity and balance and
thought coordination
 SPINAL CORD
It is an elongated
bundle of neurons,
connected to the brain
via the stem brain.
 SPINAL CORD
It is protected by bones.
It serves as highway of
information or signals.
 DIVISIONS OF the
nervous system:
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
These two systems work together to transmit and process
sensory information then coordinate it to the bodily functions.
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
It consists of the nerves
that branch out from the
brain and spinal cord.
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Autonomic Nervous
System
• Somatic Nervous
System
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Autonomic Nervous System
It regulates involuntary physiologic
processes including heart rate,
blood pressure, respiration,
digestion, and sexual arousal.
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic NS
It is responsible for the “fight or
flight” response, stimulating the
body to use energy.
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic NS
Conserve energy, doing “rest or
digest”
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Somatic Nervous System
It connects the central nervous
system to the body's muscles to
control voluntary movements
and reflex arcs.
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Somatic Nervous System
Spinal Nerve emerge from
the segments in the spinal
cord
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Somatic Nervous System
Cranial Nerve are the nerves
that emerge directly from the
brain (including the
brainstem)
Somatic or
Autonomic
Playing an instrument

Somatic This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Somatic or
Autonomic
Food digestion in the
stomach

Autonomic
 NERVOUS
SYSTEM

MAJOR DIVISIONS

1 2

MAINCOMPONENTS MAIN DIVISIONS

BRAIN 3 SOMATIC 9

MAIN PARTS MAIN PARTS SUBDIVISIONS

4 5 6 7 8 10 11

ACTIVITY 2: BREAK IT DOWN`

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How will you differentiate the Central Nervous
System and the Peripheral Nervous System in
terms of functions?
2. What might happen to the human body if one
part of the Nervous System fails to carry out its
function properly?
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How will you differentiate the Central
Nervous System and the Peripheral
Nervous System in terms of functions?
 The CNS is the core processing unit while the
PNS is the carrier of this input and output
information
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:
2. What might happen to the human body if one part of
the Nervous System fails to carry out its function
properly?
 The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous
system. Together they control all the workings of the body.
 When something goes wrong with a part of your
nervous system, you can have trouble moving,
speaking, swallowing, breathing, or learning.
 HOMEOSTASIS EXERCISE
Materials: • Stopwatch or timer
Procedure:
1. Take your resting pulse, or your pulse while you are sitting in the chair doing nothing an
record it on your data table.
2. Complete three minutes of physical activity. It can be as simple as walking around your
house doing laps. You could even get up and dance. Whichever physical activity
you chose, it should be for at least three minutes.
3. Take your pulse again, using the same method you used previously. Record.
4. Sit quietly for another three minutes, then record your pulse again.
5. Get your pulse again after three minutes and record it.
 HOMEOSTASIS EXERCISE

1. What happens to your pulse rate after doing a physical

activity?
2. What is your body’s response after doing a physical activity?
3. Why does your body do it? (from your answer Answer 2)
HOMEOSTASIS AND
THE BODY SYSTEMS
How does
your body
react to
cold?
Your body
will start to
shiver.
Homeostasis is the
ability to maintain
internal stability in
an organism in
response to the
environmental
changes.
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
It is a regulation system that works to return the body to
its normal internal state, or it is also called as
Homeostasis.
• Negative feedback involves a response that is
the reverse of the change detected (it functions
to reduce the change)
• A change is detected by a receptor and an
effector is activated to induce an opposite effect
– this promotes equilibrium
TEMPERATURE
REGULATION
 When the body’s temperature
rises, the brain and skin
receptors sense the change,
triggering several responses in
order to decrease body
temperature: skin sweat.
BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
 POSITIVE FEEDBACK
When a response to a stimulus is
increased, positive feedback is
happening. Positive feedback is less
common than negative feedback.
Lactation
(Milk Production)
 The child feeding stimulates
milk production which
causes further feeding
(continues until baby stops
feeding)
Blood Clotting
 When there is a wound or
injury in the body, signals
are sent to platelets so that
more and more platelets
can rush to the site of
injury to form a clot.
 Labor Contractions
 When labor starts,
more of the hormone
oxytocin(stimulates
contraction) will be
released to the cervix.
 How does the
Endocrine System
maintain
Homeostasis?
How does the Nervous
System maintain
Homeostasis?
 How does the
Reproductive System
maintain Homeostasis?
• By making sure the offspring
survives.
• This is accomplished by the
reproduction system producing
eggs and sperm, making sure
these cells are transported,
nurturing of offspring, and
hormone production.