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21FE27 Artificial Intelligence - : III Year/V Semester IT

The document discusses artificial intelligence including its definition, future, and intelligent agents. It describes intelligent agents and their environments, rationalities, and structure. It also covers problem solving agents, uninformed and informed search strategies, games, constraint satisfaction problems, and learning from observation.

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34 views

21FE27 Artificial Intelligence - : III Year/V Semester IT

The document discusses artificial intelligence including its definition, future, and intelligent agents. It describes intelligent agents and their environments, rationalities, and structure. It also covers problem solving agents, uninformed and informed search strategies, games, constraint satisfaction problems, and learning from observation.

Uploaded by

dhurgadevi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21FE27

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

III YEAR/V SEMESTER - IT


Prerequistics
Knowledge about
– statistics
– calculus and
– algorithms.
Objectives
• To Understand the role of intelligent
agents.
• To learn uninformed & informed search.
• To acquire knowledge using first order
logic.
• To Understand planning problem.
• To familiar learning from observation.
SYLLABUS
MODULE-1
Introduction-definition-future of AI-intelligent agents: agents & environments, concept of rationalities-nature of
environments-structure of agent.

MODULE-2

Problem solving agents-Example problems-Searching for Solutions-Uninformed search strategies-Searching with partial
observations-informed (heuristics search strategies-Heuristics functions-Local search algorithms and optimization
problems-online search agents and unknown environments-Games-optimal decisions in games –Alpha-beta pruning
–Constraint satisfaction problems-Backtracking search-Local search for constraint satisfaction problems.

• Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, 2003,
Second Edition
SYLLABUS
MODULE-3

Syntax and semantics of first order logic-Using first order logic-Knowledge


engineering in first order logic-unification and lifting-Forward chaining –
Backward chaining-Resolution-Planning problem-Planning with state space
search-Partial order planning –Planning graphs-Planning time, schedules and
resources-Hierarchical task network planning-Planning and acting in non
deterministic domain-Multiagent planning-forms of learning-Inductive learning-
Learning decision trees.

Textbook:
S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Prentice Hall, 2015.
Outline
1. Introduction
1. Definition
2. Future of AI
2. Intelligent Agents
1. Agents & Environments
2. Concept of Rationalities
3. Nature of Environments
4. Structure of Agent.
What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:
•Replication of human intelligence.
•Programmed to think and learn
•Used in all domain
•Helps with speech recognition, media generation and
content creation.
•Uses ML,NLP and DS .
•Human centric approach (based on observation & Hypothesis) and
Rationality (Maths+Engg.)
WHAT IS AI?
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of


fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning,
language understanding, learning
•
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Alan Turing operational defn. of Intelligence.
• Computer written questions post, answer received
not known ie. Done by machine or human.
So some capability needed
• NLP,Knowledge representation,Automated
reasoning,ML
To pass turing test, Computer needs
• Computer Vision-Perceived Objects.
• Robotics-Manipulated objects & more about.
Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
(top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)
Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and
Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from
AI
• Requires scientific theories of internal
activities of the brain
• -- How to validate? Requires
• 3 ways to determine how human think.
– Introspection
– Psychological experiments.
– Through brain imaging.
Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
1. Not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in formal form when
knowledge is less 100 percent.
2. Difficult in problem solving in principle & solving it in practice.

• Several Greek schools developed various forms


of logic: notation and rules of derivation for
thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to
the idea of mechanization
• he provide pattern of argument and correct
conclusion called as syllogisms.
• 2 obstacles to derive logic:
Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• Acts autonomously ,precise their
environment, adapt to change, create and
pursue goals.
• An agent is an entity that perceives and
acts.
Rational agents

• Acts so as to achieve the best outcome when there is


uncertainity, the best expected outcome.
• Making inference rules.

Advantages
1. More general than laws of thoughts
2. More amenable to scientific development.
AI prehistory
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
• Economics utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
• Computer building fast computers
engineering
• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
Abridged history of AI
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
• 1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
• 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
• 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980-- AI becomes an industry
• 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
• 1987-- AI becomes a science
• 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
State of the art
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of
the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved
up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans
Test your skills
1) Artificial Intelligence is about_____.
A.Playing a game on Computer
B.Making a machine Intelligent
C.Programming on Machine with your Own
Intelligence
Answer is
b. Making a machine Intelligent.
Test your skills
If a robot is able to change its own trajectory
as per the external conditions, then the robot
is considered as the__
A.Mobile
B.Non-Servo
C.Intelligent
Answer is
C.Intelligent
• A technique that was developed to
determine whether a machine could or
could not demonstrate the artificial
intelligence known as the___
A.Boolean Algebra
B.Turing Test
C.Logarithm
Answer is
B.Turing Test
• Rational agent always does the right
things.
• True
• False
• True
• The main tasks of an AI agent
are_______.
A.Input and Output
B.Moment and Humanly Actions
C.Perceiving, thinking, and acting on the
environment
• Perceiving, thinking, and acting on the
environment
Next Session…

Intelligent Agents

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