ICT5250

Computer Networks and Security

Dr Oday Al-Jerew
[email protected]
APIC’s Copyright Warning Notice
Teachers should inform students that any material provided to them in the course
of instruction is for their own personal use and should not be redistributed without
permission. If copied information is to be shared with students in the powerpoint,
you must attach an Electronic Use Notice (shown below)

WARNING
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Australian
Pacific International College in accordance with section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 (Act).

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further
reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright
protection under the Act.

Do not remove this notice.

CPU and
Computer
Architecture,
Basic Computer
Operations
Outlines
• Organization and architecture
• Structure and function
• Memory, MAR, and MBR
• Computer function-Instruction
fetch and execute
• Interconnection structures
• Bus interconnection
• External Devices
Some components of the Internet

Source: Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W., 2021

Workstation
Motherboard

In this lecture, we going to

focus on:
 CPU
 Memory
 Buses
 External Devices
Computer Basic Functions
• There are four basic functions that a computer can perform:
• Data processing
• Data may take a wide variety of forms and the range of processing requirements is broad
• Data storage
• Short-term
• Long-term
• Data movement
• Input-output (I/O) - when data are received from or delivered to a device (peripheral) that is
directly connected to the computer
• Data communications – when data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device
• Control
• A control unit manages the computer’s resources and orchestrates the performance of its
functional parts in response to instructions
Computer Top Level Structure

Figure 1, Computer top Level Structure

Source: Stallings, W., 2022
Computer Main Structure Components
• Central processing unit (CPU): controls the operation of the computer
and performs its data processing functions
• Main Memory – stores data
• Input/Output (I/O) – moves data between the computer and its
external environment
• System Interconnection – some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O
CPU Structural
Components
Control Unit
• Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the
computer

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

• Performs the computer’s data processing function

Registers
• Provide storage internal to the CPU

CPU Interconnection
• Some mechanism that provides for communication
among the control unit, ALU, and registers
Multicore Computer Structure
Central processing unit (CPU)
• Portion of the computer that fetches and executes instructions
• Consists of an ALU, a control unit, and registers
• Referred to as a processor in a system with a single processing unit
Core
• An individual processing unit on a processor chip
• May be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system
• Specialized processing units are also referred to as cores
Processor
• A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores
• Is the computer component that interprets and executes
instructions
• Referred to as a multicore processor if it contains multiple cores
Elements of
Multicore
Computer

Source: Stallings, W., 2022

Memory
The most common today are semiconductor memory, magnetic surface memory, used for
disk and tape, and optical and magneto-optical. Several physical characteristics of data
storage are important:
Volatile memory
• Information decays naturally or is lost when electrical power is switched off
Nonvolatile memory
• Once recorded, information remains without deterioration until deliberately changed
• No electrical power is needed to retain information
Magnetic-surface memories
• Are nonvolatile
Semiconductor memory
• May be either volatile or nonvolatile
Nonerasable memory
• Cannot be altered, except by destroying the storage unit
• Semiconductor memory of this type is known as read-only memory (ROM)
Memory Hierarchy
• Design constraints on a computer’s memory can be summed up by
three questions:
• How much, how fast, how expensive
• There is a trade-off among capacity, access time, and cost
• Faster access time, greater cost per bit
• Greater capacity, smaller cost per bit
• Greater capacity, slower access time
The Memory
Hierarchy

Source: Stallings, W., 2022

Cache Memory
• Multiple layers of memory between the processor and main
memory
• Is smaller and faster than main memory
• Used to speed up memory access by placing in the cache data from
main memory that is likely to be used in the near future
• A greater performance improvement may be obtained by using
multiple levels of cache, with level 1 (L1) closest to the core and
additional levels (L2, L3, etc.) progressively farther from the core
Structure of the Computer

Activity: Can you compare with

Figure 1

Figure x Computer Components

Source: Stallings, W., 2022
Memory, MAR, and MBR
• Memory address register (MAR)
Specifies the address in memory for the next read or write
• Memory buffer register (MBR)
Contains the data to be written into memory or receives the data read from
memory
• I/O address register (I/OAR)
Specifies a particular I/O device
• I/O buffer register (I/OBR)
Used for the exchange of data between an I/O module and the CPU
Machine Code (Program)
• A sequence of codes or instructions
• Part of the hardware interprets each instruction and generates
control signals
• Provide a new sequence of codes for each new program instead of
rewiring the hardware
Basic Function Performed by a Computer

Figure x Basic Instruction Cycle

Source: Stallings, W., 2022
Fetch and Execute Cycles
• Fetches an instruction from memory.
• A register called the program counter (PC) holds the address of the
instruction to be fetched next
• Increment the PC to fetch the next instruction in sequence
• The fetched instruction is loaded into the instruction register (IR)
• The processor interprets the instruction and performs the required
action
Example

• Data format
• CPU registers format

Figure x Register and data format example

Source: Stallings, W., 2022
Program Execution
Example

Figure x Example of Program Execution

Source: Stallings, W., 2022
IAS
Instruction
Set
Figure 1.6
Computer Main
Buses
Data Bus
• Data lines that provide a path for moving data among system
modules
• May consist of 32, 64, 128, or more separate lines
• The number of lines is referred to as the width of the data
bus
• The number of lines determines how many bits can be
transferred at a time
• The width of the data bus
• is a key factor in
• determining overall
• system performance
Address Bus
• Used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data
bus
– If the processor wishes to read a word of data from memory it
puts the address of the desired word on the address lines
• Width determines the maximum possible memory capacity of the
system
• Also used to address I/O ports
– The higher order bits are used to select a particular module on the
bus and the lower order bits select a memory location or I/O port
within the module
Control Bus
• Used to control the access and the use of the data and
address lines
• Because the data and address lines are shared by all
components there must be a means of controlling their
use
• Control signals transmit both command and timing
information among system modules
• Timing signals indicate the validity of data and address
information
• Command signals specify operations to be performed
Bus Interconnection Scheme

Figure x Bus Interconnection Scheme

Source: Stallings, W., 2022
External Devices
External Devices

• Provide a means of exchanging data between the external

environment and the computer
• Attach to the computer by a link to an I/O module
• The link is used to exchange control, status, and data between the I/O module
and the external device
• Peripheral device
• An external device connected to an I/O module
Generic Model of an I/O Module
Example I/O devices
• When the user depresses a key, it generates
an electronic signal that is interpreted by the
Keyboard/Monitor transducer in the keyboard and translated
into the bit pattern.
• Most common means of
• This bit pattern is transmitted to the I/O
computer/user interaction module in the computer
• User provides input • On output, the code characters are
through the keyboard transmitted to an external device from the
I/O module
• The monitor displays data
• The transducer interprets the code and
provided by the computer sends the required electronic signals to the
output device either to display the indicated
character or perform the requested control
function
Summary
 There are four basic functions that a computer can perform: Data processing,
Data storage, Data movement and Control.

 Computer Main Structure Components: CPU, Main Memory, I/O and System
Interconnection.

 CPU Structural Components, Control unit, ALU, Registers, and CPU

Interconnection.

 Multicore Computer Structure: CPU, Core and processor.

 Memory type are: Volatile memory, Nonvolatile memory , Magnetic-surface

memories, Semiconductor memory and Nonerasable memory.

 Basic instruction cycles performed by a computer are Fetch and Execute Cycles

 Computer Main Buses are Data, address and control busses.

 External Devices attach to the computer by a link to an I/O module to provide

exchanging data between the external environment and the computer.
References
• Stallings, W., 2022. Computer Organization and Architecture, 11
Edition. Pearson Education, Limited.
• Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W., 2021. Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach Edition. 7th edition, Pearson Education.