VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES

• Raster-scan displays
• Random-scan displays CRT Based Displays

• Color CRT Monitors

• Direct Direct-view storage tubes
• Flat-panel displays
• Three-dimensional viewing devices
• Stereoscopic and virtual Stereoscopic and
virtual-reality systems

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 BASIC DESIGN OF CRT

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 CRT COMPONENTS
1. Electron Gun
2. Control Electrode
3. Focusing Electrode
4. Deflection Plates
5. Phosphorus Coated Screen

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 CRT COMPONENTS
1. Electron gun
• It Consists of a series of components which together cause
electrons to congregate at the end of the electron gun.
• The electrons are then accelerated by application of an electric
field.
2. Control Electrode
• Used to regulate the flow of electrons.
• Connected to amplifier, which in turn, is connected to the output
circuitry of the computer, thus allowing the computer to control
when the electron beam is turned off and on.

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 CRT COMPONENTS
3. Focusing Electrode
• Used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into a narrow
beam.

4. Deflection Yoke
• Used to control the direction of the electron beam

5. Phosphorus Coated Screen

•Phosphorus Coating on the inside front surface of every CRT
•This surface is coated with special crystals called phosphorus due to
which the picture is visible on the screen.

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 RASTER SCAN DISPLAYS

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 RANDOM SCAN DISPLAYS

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 COLOR CRT MONITOR
BEAM PENETRATION METHOD

SHADOW MASK METHOD

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 Beam-Penetration Method

Two layers of Phosphor: Red and Green

• The displayed color depends on how far the electron
beam penetrates into the phosphor layers.
• Only four colors are possible: Red, Green, Orange
and Yellow.

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 SHADOW MASK METHOD

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 SHADOW MASK METHOD
• The three electron beams are deflected and focused as a
group onto the shadow mask, when the three beams pass
through a hole in the shadow mask, they activate a dot triangle,
which appears as a small color spot on the screen.

• Color variations in a Shadow mask CRT are obtained by varying

the intensity levels of the three electron beams. More
sophisticated systems may allow several million colors to be
generated .

• Quality of pictures is high

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 Direct View Storage Tubes
• Store the picture information inside the CRT
• A charge distribution just behind the
Phosphor- coated screen
• Two electron Guns: Primary Gun and Flood
Gun

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 Direct View Storage Tubes
ADVANTAGES

Very Complex Pictures can be displayed

Very High Resolution

No Flicker

No Refreshing required

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 Direct View Storage Tubes
DISADVANTAGES
•Not used for dynamic graphics application
•Erasing problem
•A part of the picture cannot be erased . The entire picture is to be
redrawn as there is difficulty in erasing the stored charge to remove the
picture
•Poor Contrast
•No colors can be used. This is the result of comparatively low accelerating
potential applied to flood electrons.
•Gradual Degradation of Picture quality.
•Lack of Animation Capability
•Inability to use a light pen as a input device.
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 FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS
• Video devices have reduced
– Volume
– weight
– power requirements
compared to a CRT.
– A significant feature - thinner than CRT
• Classified into two categories:
– Emissive displays
– Nonemissive displays

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 FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS
• Emissive displays (or emitters)
– Convert electrical energy into light
– Plasma panels
– Thin-film electroluminescent displays
– Light-emitting diodes
• Non-emissive displays (or non emitters)
– Convert sunlight or other light into graphics
patterns
– Liquid crystal devices (LCD)
• Passive-matrix LCD
• Active-matrix LCD

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 Plasma-Panel Display

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 Plasma-Panel Display
Images can be written onto the display point by point

Are also called gas-discharge displays

Components

CATHODES
Fine wires attached to a glass plate which delivers negative voltage to the
gas cells on the vertical axis

FLUROSCENT CELLS
Small pockets of gas liquids or solids are excited when a voltage is applied.
In the excited state the substance emits light

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 Plasma-Panel Display
Anodes
Fine wires attached to a glass plate supply positive voltage along
the horizontal axis

Glass Plates
Plates that act as capacitors in DC plasma displays and maintain
voltage to ensure that a cell will continue to glow after the cell has received
a single burst of power. To remain lit, alternating current plasma displays
must supply a background voltage.

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 Plasma-Panel Display
Advantages
• Allows Selective writing and selective erasure
• Steady image, free of flicker
• Less bulky than CRT

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 Plasma-Panel Display
DISADVANTAGES
• Relatively poor resolution (60 dots / inch)
• Complex addressing and wiring requirements
• Inherent memory not flexible as frame buffer
• Originally monochrome devices
• Raster scan using digital memory are inexpensive
than plasma panel

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 Thin Film Electroluminescent Displays
• Similar in construction to plasma panel

• Difference is that the region between the

glass plates is filled with a phosphor, such as
zinc sulphide doped with manganese instead
of gas

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 Thin Film Electroluminescent Displays
Limitations
• Require more power than plasma panel

• Good Color and gray Scale displays are hard to

achieve.

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 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES(LED)
• An emissive display
• A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the pixel
positions in the display
• A picture definition is stored in a refresh buffer.
• Information is read from the refresh buffer and
converted to voltage levels that are applied to the
diodes to produce the light patterns in the display.

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 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

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 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCDs)
• Non-Emissive display

• Depend on outside light source

• Work by polarizing ambient light

• Example
– Calculator

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 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCDs)
• Components

– Glass or Plastic Plate

• Contains liquid crystal and serves as a bonding surface for a
conductive coating
– Conductive Coating
• Acts as a conductor so that voltage can be applied across the
liquid crystal
– Liquid Crystal
• A substance which will polarize light when a voltage is applied to it
– Polarized Film
• A transparent sheet that polarizes light

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 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCDs)

• The LCD works because light passing through the polarized

film is polarized when light attempts to pass through the
liquid crystal the ray is annihilated.

• Polarization : The effect of deposition of products of

electrolysis upon electrodes resulting in opposing
electromagnetic force. (Polarity-state of having 2 Opposite
poles)

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 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCDs)
Advantages

• Portable
• Low Voltage and power requirement
Disadvantages
• LCDs can be viewed from a limited angle
• Temperature dependent (0-70oC)
• Relatively Sluggish (making animation difficult)

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 Three Dimensional Viewing Devices

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 Three Dimensional Viewing Devices

• Reflects a CRT image from a vibrating, vari-focal mirror.

• The mirror changes focal length to match the depth of points in a
scene.
• Genisco Space Graph System
– Project objects into a 25 × 25 × 25 cm3 volume
• Applications
– Medical
– Geological
– Molecules

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 Stereoscopic and Virtual-Reality Systems
• Stereoscopic view
– Present a different view to each eye of an observer
– Need to obtain two views (left and right) of a scene
– Shutter glasses
– Infrared synchronizing emitter

• Head Head-mounted displays

– Two LCD displays
– Tracking devices
– Earphone

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 RASTER SCAN SYSTEMS
• A Special Purpose Processor, apart from CPU is
employed , called as
– Video Controller or Display Controller
• It access the frame buffer to refresh

CPU System
SystemMemory Video
CPU Memory VideoController
Controller Monitor
Monitor

System
SystemBus
Bus

I/O Devices
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 RASTER SCAN DISPLAY PROCESSOR
• Display Processor also referred as
– Graphics Controller or Display Coprocessor
– To free the CPU from the graphics tasks
– Digitizing a picture definition into a set of pixel intensity values for storage in the
frame buffer

Display
DisplayProcessor Video
Processor Frame
FrameBuffer
Buffer VideoController
Controller Monitor
Monitor
Memory
Memory

Display System
SystemMemory
CPU
CPU DisplayProcessor
Processor Memory

System
SystemBus
Bus

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 RANDOM SCAN SYSTEMS

CPU System
SystemMemory Video
CPU Memory VideoController
Controller Monitor
Monitor

System
SystemBus
Bus

I/O Devices

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 Graphics Monitors & Workstations
Multi-Color
• Some users use more than one monitor.
• The displays can operate in multiple modes.
• One of the most common spreads the entire desktop over all of the monitors,
which thus act as one big desktop.
Two Apple flat-screen monitors used as dual display
– Dualhead - Using two monitors
– Triplehead - using three monitors
– Display assembly - multi-head configurations actively managed as a single
unit

Two Apple flat-screen monitors used as dual display

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