SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

CE168P-2 .

CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND PROJECT

MANAGEMENT
MODULE 1

SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

1: INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
1a: PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
MODULE 1

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

1: INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
1b: CONSTRUCTION METHODS
MODULE 1

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Brief Introduction

WHAT IS A PROJECT?
A unique set of coordinated activities with definite starting and finishing points,
undertaken by an individual or organization to meet specific objectives within defined
schedule, cost and performance parameters.

A construction project meanwhile is a process of constructing, renovating, refurbishing,

retrofitting or adapting a building, or other built asset such as a tunnel or bridge.

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Brief Introduction

CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Building practices professionals use when creating houses, offices and other
infrastructure.

The construction method a team of decides to use often depends on factors such as
costs, the materials available, the expertise of the construction team and the project's
location.

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Brief Introduction
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Defined as the overall planning, coordination and control of a project from inception to
completion, aimed at meeting a client’s requirements in order to produce a functionality
and financially viable project that will be completed on time, within authorized cost and
to the required quality standards.

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Brief Introduction
INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
1. Project Owner – owns the project upon completion of the project.
Type of Owner(s) in Const. Projects
a. Private – owns lands and pays for the construction of a facility or building
b. Public – government agency, the public pays for the construction of the facility of building
2. Design Professionals
 Assists the owner in developing and designing plans
 Responsible for applying and obtaining all necessary permits required for construction
Architects, Engineers, and other design professionals

3. Contractors – contracts to build projects to the specs set forth in the contract for a contracted price

4. Project Management – acts as owner agent and works with designers and contractors to ensure high
quality and lower cost of the project (Value Engineering)

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Construction Projects

Commercial Project
refers to the construction of a building for a commercial purpose.
Samples (Restaurants, Grocery Stores, Office Buildings)

Residential Project
focus on buildings where people live. Samples (Townhouses, Subdivisions,
Dormitory, Condominium, and Apartments)

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Construction Projects

Infrastructure Project
Also known as civil construction, infrastructure construction involves
structures like airports, roads, bridges, and sewer systems

Industrial Project
involves building large-scale production facilities.
Samples (Warehouses, oil refineries, manufacturing facilities)

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Construction Methods: Site Construction

1. Site Clearing
2. Site layout and staking
3. Excavation
4. Compaction and Laying of Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) or Lean Concrete
5. Foundation Rebar and Column Starter bars
6. Concreting works of the foundation
7. Concreting of columns and *bitumen pain applications* (*if necessary)
8. Masonry Works – Layout of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)
9. Backfilling and Compaction
10. Tie Beam and Slab on Grade (SOG) Rebar Works and Concreting
11. Rebar Works and Concreting Works for Columns
12. Beam and Suspended Slab Works (Rebar, Formworks and Concreting Works)

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

SITE CLEARING AND SITE LAYOUT AND

SITE EXCAVATION
GRUBBING STAKING

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

FOUNDATION SOIL FOUNDATION REBAR FOUNDATION

COMPACTION WORKS CONCRETE WORKS

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE WORKS

BAGGER MIXER HAND MIX

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE WORKS

RMC WITH CONCRETE

READY MIX CONCRETE
PUMP/BOOM
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

BACKFILL AND TIE BEAM REBAR

MASONRY WORKS
COMPACTION WORKS

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COLUMN AND BEAM REBAR

SLAB TO BEAM REBAR WORKS
WORKS

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

FORMWORKS

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

SAFE OR UNSAFE?

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES (an additional reference to previously shown slides)

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)

CREDITS TO: OPTIBUILD / https://www.facebook.com/optibuild.trd

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

38
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

39
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

40
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

41
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

42
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSTRUCTION (PH)
*additional reference

CREDITS TO: CARIVIL CONSTRUCTION/ https://www.facebook.com/carivilconstruction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

1: INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
1c: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
MODULE 1

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: HAND TOOLS)

SHOVEL GARDEN/GRUB HOE TROWEL

A hand tool often used for digging, lifting, A garden hand tool used to cultivate the soil A small hand tool consisting of a flat blade
and moving bulk materials, such as soil, and remove weeds with a handle used for spreading and
coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore smoothing mortar or plaster

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: HAND TOOLS)

RAKE PICK-AXE MATTOCK

A long handle and long, pointed metal parts A handy tool that combines the pointed A mattock is a hand tool that is often
sticking out in a row at the bottom, used for head of a pick, used for digging up hard soil mistaken for a pickaxe. It is used for digging
making the earth level or for collecting and rock, and an adze, which can be used and chopping
leaves for cutting through roots

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: HAND TOOLS) CLICK THE LINK

DIGGING BAR ELECTRIC CONCRETE BREAKER / CHIPPING HAMMER

a long, straight metal bar used for various Generally lightweight, hand-held concrete breakers that can be easily positioned to break vertical
purposes, including as a post hole digger, to and overhead surfaces
break up or loosen hard or compacted
materials such as soil, rock, concrete, and
ice, or as a lever to move objects

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS

CRAWLER OR TRACKED
EXCAVATOR
Also known as general-purpose
excavators, they have a bucket, boom, and
arm to the front of the machine. This kind
comes in a variety of sizes. It’s an all-
around excavator which means it can be
used to dig sites, demolish structures and
surfaces, carry out trenching, and lift
heavy objects

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS

WHEELED EXCAVATOR

Wheeled excavators are general-purpose

excavators. The main difference is that
instead of running on tracks, they run on
wheels. An advantage of a wheeled
excavator is that it can be driven from one
job site to another even on a road, while
crawler excavators running on tracks are
usually carried on a trailer for long-
distance travel. This way is much more
convenient, and it saves more time and
cost for the company

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS

SHORT SWING RADIUS

EXCAVATOR
This is one more variation on a general-
purpose excavator, with the same level of
performance and usage but a short swing
radius superstructure, which offers many
benefits in urban and confined areas. Both
crawler and wheeled types are available

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS

LONG REACH EXCAVATOR

These machines have an extended boom

and arm which give a longer working
range for tasks quite away from the
machine that is hard to reach such as
underwater digging, deep trenching, and
the location of utility pipes at such a depth
as to resist freezing temperatures

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE

CENTER-PIVOT BACKHOE LOADER SIDE-SHIFT BACKHOE LOADER

A backhoe also called a rear actor or back actor, is a type of excavating equipment, or digger, consisting of a digging bucket on the end of
a two-part articulated arm

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PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS: BULLDOZER

A bulldozer or dozer (also called a crawler) is a large,

motorized machine equipped with a metal blade to the
front for pushing material: soil, sand, snow, rubble, or
rock during construction work. It travels most
commonly on continuous tracks, though specialized
models riding on large off-road tires are also produced.
Its most popular accessory is a ripper, a large hook-like
device mounted singly or in multiples in the rear to
loosen dense materials.
Bulldozers are used heavily in large and small scale
construction, road building, minings , and quarrying, on
farms, in heavy industry factories, and in military
applications in both peace and wartime

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS: DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR

As far as heavy-duty machinery, a dragline excavator is

among the world’s largest. They are not only massive
but also provide mining construction operations the
ability to be highly productive by offering a way to
streamline the hauling and excavation of large areas.
Most dragline excavators have an operational life span
of 40 years, and (pound for pound), they are the most
productive and versatile machines in the mining
industry.

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
PART 1: EXCAVATION (1a: MACHINERY / HEAVY
EQUIPMENT)
TYPES OF EXCAVATORS: DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR

Trenchers are effective in the construction sector for installing pipes for water, gas, or cables for electricity or telecommunications that will be
underground. Similarly, they can be used in excavating caissons for retaining walls. In agriculture, they are used to make and maintain channels
or ditches in irrigation networks and trenches where plants are inserted. Trenchers are also used for maintaining the edges of roads

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TYPES OF EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENT TOOLS

BUCKET(S)

This is the most common tool for excavators. Different types of

buckets have different purposes: a slim bucket is typically used
for digging, while wide or smooth ones are ideal for scooping or
carrying objects

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PART 2: TYPES OF BUCKETS

DITCH DITCH
COAL STRIPPING CONCRETE SLAB EXCAVATOR TILT
CLEANING CLEANING
BUCKET BUCKET BUCKET
BUCKET BUCKET

ROCK TINE V-BOTTOM/

CLAW TYPE ROCK RIPPING TRAPEZOIDAL
EXCAVATOR
BUCKET BUCKET BUCKET FROST BUCKET
BUCKET

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TYPES OF EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENT TOOLS

EXCAVATOR THUMB

This attachment increases the capacity of an excavator bucket.

Thumbs help secure and strengthen the grip while excavating
larger objects

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TYPES OF EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENT TOOLS

EXCAVATOR AUGER

This attachment is usually used in landscaping and

construction. Augers are supported by hydraulic
spiral blades and allow the excavator to dig holes
quickly and more conveniently.

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TYPES OF EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENT TOOLS

HYDRAULIC BREAKER

Hydraulic breaker attachments (also known as

hammers) are used to break or demolish structures,
pavements, or other solid surfaces. This can be used to
make the demolition quicker

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TYPES OF EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENT TOOLS

EXCAVATOR RIPPER

Similar to the hydraulic

breaker, this speeds up
the demolition of
structures. Rippers are
what you can use to tear
through strong
materials.

This attachment can be

used in all conditions. It
can even be used to tear
through frozen surfaces

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

TYPES OF EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENT TOOLS

TILT ROTATOR EXCAVATOR

Traditionally tilt-rotators have

only been used in Nordic
countries but now they are
becoming popular globally. It is a
connection between the end of
the arm and the attachment tool
that enables it to rotate 360
degrees and tilt +-45 degrees. A
grapple function is also included.
This enables the excavator to
complete a broad range of tasks
in various conditions.

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EXCAVATOR SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS

COMPACT EXCAVATOR GENERAL PURPOSE GENERAL PURPOSE
MINI/MIDI-SIZE EXCAVATOR - MEDIUM EXCAVATOR - LARGE
Mini excavators - Weighing less than five This is the most common size of an excavator. Large excavators are heavy-duty machines fit
metric tons, they are much easier to Most medium excavators are suitable for any for projects that require a lot of power and a
transport, requiring less fuel for the truck or task, and they usually support any type of larger hauling capacity. They are often used on
trailer, and since they are lighter and attachment tool. They are powerful machines, commercial construction sites and large
smaller in size, they can be used in softer more than enough to lift or haul large materials demolition projects such as shopping malls and
terrain without tearing the ground or for any project. large-scale buildings.
damaging pavements. These may not be as
powerful as standard excavators, but they Weighing between five and twenty-five metric Weighing more than twenty-five metric tons,
are much more convenient for smaller tons, they are still easy to maneuver but could large excavators can be difficult to deal with
projects that require a small amount of damage the soft ground or already finished when it comes to transporting and storing, but if
lifting or hauling, and greater precision. projects. Depending on the size, some general- you usually have large projects that need heavy
Midi excavators – These usually weigh purpose excavators may also have problems lifting or have big demolition projects, then this
between five and ten metric tons. The when used in confined areas because of their tail is the most appropriate size for you to use.
difference between mini and midi swing. These usually weigh between ten and
excavators is the power and capacity. A twenty-five metric tons. Medium excavators are
midi excavator tends to have a little bit typically used on most construction sites.
more of both compared to a mini excavator

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 2: CONCRETING WORKS (1a: HAND TOOLS)

SPIRIT LEVELLING
SPACKLE KNIFE TROWEL
TOOL

Used for scraping surfaces or spreading A tool used to indicate how parallel (level) A small hand tool consisting of a flat blade
material such as plaster or concrete in or perpendicular (plumb) a surface is with a handle used for spreading and
various construction trades relative to the earth smoothing mortar or plaster

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 2: CONCRETING WORKS (1a: HAND TOOLS)

PADDLE MIXER FLOAT PLUMB BOB

Used for conveniently mixing of materials Used for making the concrete surfaces Used to establish a vertical reference or
for concrete works or other works related smooth and flat alignment (called a plumb line)

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PART 2: CONCRETING WORKS (1a: HAND TOOLS)

WATER LEVELLING CONCRETE
HOSE
LASER LEVEL
VIBRATOR

Used for conveniently transferring a In surveying and construction, a laser level is a As wet concrete is poured, air bubbles become trapped
vertical level across a distance control tool consisting of a rotating laser beam within the mixture creating cavities or honeycomb-like
projector that can be affixed to a tripod. The tool is spaces. Left untouched, “honeycombing” can compromise
leveled according to the accuracy of the device and the cement’s longevity and strength. Vibrators force the
projects a fixed red or green beam in a plane about trapped air out of the mixture leaving the final product a
the horizontal and/or vertical axis more compact and level slab.

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PART 2: CONCRETING WORKS (2b: MACHINERIES)

CEMENT TRUCK/ SHOTCRETE
TRANSIT MIXER BAGGER MIXER
MACHINE

Shotcrete is a method of applying concrete projected at high velocity

Used for conveniently transferring a primarily on to a vertical or overhead surface. The shotcrete process A device that homogeneously combines
vertical level across a distance requires less formwork and can be more economical than cement, aggregates such as sand or gravel,
conventionally placed concrete. Shotcrete is applied using a wet- or
dry-mix process. The wet-mix shotcrete process mixes all ingredients, and water to form concrete
including water, before introduction into the delivery hose. The dry-
mix shotcrete process adds water to the mix at the nozzle.

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 2: CONCRETING WORKS (2b: MACHINERIES)

PUMPCRETE

Pumped concrete is concrete that is transported to

heights by means of pumping using concrete
pumps. This method is used where a large quantity
of concrete work is involved at a greater height,
where other means of transport are not easy to do.

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 3: TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION (HEAVY EQUIPMENTS)

ROADHEADERS

A road header, also called a boom-type road

header, road header machine, road header or
just header machine, is a piece of excavating
equipment consisting of a boom-mounted cutting
head, a loading device usually involving a
conveyor, and a crawler traveling track to move the
entire machine forward into the rock face

The cutting head can be a general-purpose rotating

drum mounted in line or perpendicular to the boom
or can be special function heads such as
jackhammer-like spikes, compression fracture
micro-wheel heads like those on larger
tunnel boring machines, a slicer head like a gigantic
chain saw for dicing up rock, or simple jaw-like
buckets of traditional excavators

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 3: TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION (HEAVY EQUIPMENTS)

JUMBO UNDERGROUND DRILL

Drilling jumbos are usually used in underground mining if mining is done by drilling and blasting. They are also used in tunneling if rock hardness
prevents the use of tunneling machines. It is considered a powerful tool to facilitate the labor-intensive process of mineral extraction

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 3: TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION (HEAVY EQUIPMENTS)

TUNNEL BORING MACHINE (TBM)

A tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross-section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They
may also be used for micro tunneling. They can be designed to bore through hard rock, wet or dry soil, or sand. Tunnel diameters can range from 1 meter (3.3 ft) (micro-
TBMs) to 17.6 meters (58 ft) to date

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PART 4: TOWER CRANES

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