Trigonometric Functions

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 Trigonometry Function
Outcome :
 Demonstrate the ability to determine which trigonometric function
can be used to solve certain problems
Key Experiences
 Analyze the unit circle and the trigonometric functions as circular
functions
 Produce sine and cosine graphs and explain their relationship
 Find the amplitude, horizontal/vertical shift, and period of the sine
and cosine functions relating to their transformations, and vice versa
 Produce the graphs of secant, cosecant, tangent, and cotangent
functions and relate those functions to the sine and cosine functions
 Find the exact value for special angles in all quadrant

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The Unit Circle

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 The Unit Circle
A circle defined by Unit circle is a circle with a
x 2 + y2 = 1 radius of 1 unit centered at
(0, 1) the origin on the coordinate
P(x, y) plane
t

(-1, 0) θ= t (1, 0) You can use a point P on the

unit circle to generalize sine
and cosine function

(0, -1)

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 The Unit Circle
A circle defined by
x 2 + y2 = 1
(0, 1)
P(x, y)
t

(-1, 0) θ= t (1, 0)

(0, -1)

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 Definitions of Trigonometric
Functions
Let t be a real number and let (x,y) be the point on
the unit circle corresponding to t

sin t  y csc t  , y  0
1
y
cos t  x sec t  , x  0
1
x
tan t  x , x  0
y
cot t  , y  0
x
y

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 Example 1
The terminal side of angle θ in standard
position intersects the unit circle at
Find cos θ and sin θ.
Answer:

Then,

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Unit Circle

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 Example 2
Evaluate csc and sec at each real number
(Refer to Unit Circle)
Answer:

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Graph Trigonometric Function
 Basic Sine and Cosine Curve
 Amplitude and Period

 Translation of Sine and Cosine Curves

 Graph of the Other Trigonometric Functions

 Graph of Tangent Function

 Graph of Cotangent Function

 Graph of Reciprocal Function

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16
Example 2 :
Find the amplitude of y= 2 sin x and sketch the graph

Y= sin x
Amplitude = 1

Y = 2 sin x
Amplitude = 2
2

-1

-2

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 Example 3:
Find the period of and sketch the graph

a = 1 and b = ½

Then,

Then, for 1 wave of sine curve will start from interval {0, 4∏)

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Horizontal shift
*

*
 Vertical Translation

Example 6 : Sketch the graph of y = 2 + 3 cos (2x)

Answer:

Amplitude = 3
Period = ∏

The graph of y = 3 cos (2x)

will be shifted upward
TWO units.

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Other example : Horizontal Translation

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Other example : Vertical Translation

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Graphs of other Trigonometry
Functions

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 GRAPHS OF OTHER
TRIG FUNCTIONS

f x   tan x f x   cot x

f x   sec x f x   cosec x
We are interested in the graph of y = f(x) =
tan x
Start with a "t" chart and let's choose values from our
unit circle and find the tangent values. Tangent has a
period of  so it will repeat every . y
would mean there is
x y = tan x a vertical asymptote
 undefined here

2
  3  1.73 x
 




   
3 2 3 6 6 3 2

 1
4
 3
   0.58
6 3
Let's choose more values. y = tan x
 
Since we went from  to we have one complete period
2 2
x y = tan x y

0 0
 3
6  0.58
3
x
      
1 
2

3

6
4 6 3 2


3  1.73
3

undefined would mean there is a
2
vertical asymptote here
 Let's see what the graph would look like for y =
tan x for 3 complete periods.

The vertical
lines are not
part of the
graph but are
the asymptotes.
If you use your
graphing
calculator it will
probably put
those in as well
as showing the
graph.
Transformations apply as usual. Let’s try
one. up 2
 
y  2  tan  x  

reflect about x-axis
4 
y  tan x right /4

 
y  2  tan  x  
 4
y   tan x  
y   tan  x  
 4
Since the period of tangent is , 
the period of tan x is: T

y  tan 2 x The period would be /2

y = tan x

y = tan 2x
 What about the graph of y = f(x) = cot x?
This would be the reciprocal of tangent so let's take
our tangent values and "flip" them over.
y
x tan x y = cot
x
 undefined 0
2
 1
  3   0.58
3 3 x
     
  
 2 3 6 6 3 2
 1 1
4
 1
   3  1.73
6 3
Let's choose more values. y = cot x
x tan x y = cot
x
y
0 0 undefined
 1
6 3  1.73
3

1 1 x
4   
     
 1 2 3 6 6 3 2
3  0.58
3 3 We need to see
 more than one
2 undefined 0 period to get a
good picture of
this.
 Let's look at the tangent graph
y = cot x again to compare these.
y = tan x

Again the vertical lines

are not part of the graph Notice vertical
but are the asymptotes. asymptotes of one are
zeros of the other.
 For the graph of y = f(x) = cosec x we'll take
the reciprocals of the sine values.
x sin x y = cosec x
y
0 0 undefined
 1
2
6 2 1

1 1
2
x
5 1
2 -1
6 2

When we graph these rather than plot points

after we see this, we'll use the sine graph as a
sketching aid and then get the cosecant graph.
 choose more values y = f(x) = cosec x
x sin x y = cosec x When the sine
 0 undefined is 0 the
y
7 cosecant will
1
 2 have an
6 2 asymptote.
3
1 1 1
2
11 1
 2 
6 2  2 x
-1 6
2 0 undefined

We'll use the sine graph as the sketching aid.

 Let's look over a few periods at the graph of y =
cosec x

Let's add in the

graph of the
sine function so
you can see
how if you
graph it, you
can then easily
use it to graph
the cosecant.

Again the vertical lines are not part of the graph but are where
the cosecant is undefined (which is where the sine was 0
although this graphing program seemed to draw them a little
to the right. They should cross the x-axis where the sine is 0)
 For the graph of y = f(x) = sec x we'll take the
reciprocal of the cosine values.

x cos x y = sec
x
0 1 1 y
 1
2
3 2 1
 undefined
0
2 x

2  1 2 - 1 6
3 2
 Choose more values.
y = f(x) = sec
x cos x y = sec x x
 1 1
4 1 y
 2
3 2
3 1
0 undefined
2
5 1  x
2
3 2 -1 6

2 1 1

Again the cosine graph will help graph the secant graph.
 Let's look over a few periods at the graph of y =sec x

Let's add in the graph of the cosine function so you

can see how if you graph it, you can then easily use it
to graph the secant.
Again the vertical lines are not part of the graph but are where
the secant is undefined (which is where the cosine was 0)
 Wrap up!
 Tangent
 The tangent function has a
discontinuous graph,
repeating in a period of .
 Cotangent
 Like the tangent, cotangent is
discontinuous.
 Discontinuities of the
cotangent are  2 units left of
those for tangent.
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Wrap up!
Exact Value for Special Angles in All
Quadrant

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 Positive Trig Function Values
STUDENTS
Sine and its
ALL
All functions
reciprocal
r r are positive
are positive y
y
-x x

-y -y
r r

CALCULUS
TAKE
Tangent and Cosine and its
its reciprocal reciprocal are
are positive positive