Working with

Oracle and
PostgreSQL
 Agenda

• Scope in Industry
• Database Design: Aspects and Real time
cases.
• Queries: Simple, self and complex joins,
Subqueries
• Programming: PL/SQL programming and
PL/PGSQL
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Introduction

What –Storage & retrieval of data

Why - To use with applications/analysis/decision

making

How – Using Interfaces and Applications

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Scopes in Industry

• Database Developer

• Database Administrator

• Data Analyst

• Data Scientist
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Database Objects
• Tables
• Indexes
• Views
• Sequences
• Triggers
• Synonyms
……….

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Database Design

Data Integrity Data Redundancy Data consistency

Accuracy of data Data duplication Data is consistent across all
systems.
Implemented through various
checks and constraints Stored Procedures
Data Cleaning
Synchronization

Denormarlization is a technique to speedup the data access

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 Database Design- Real time approach
• Goal: Ensuring integrity, consistency and removing
redundancy
• Duplicate values should be eliminated
• Only one column should be designated for the purpose.
• Keep the tables as simple as possible.
• Create multiple tables and establish relationships between
them
• Allowing denormalized data intentionally.[Why?]

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 Database Design- Real time approach
• Identity by Objects/Entities
• For identified objects/entities, identify the unique
attributes/fields.
• Unless any specific purposes, the fields should not have
composite information.

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 Database -Application Design Steps
• Identity by Objects and fields
• Establishing Relationships
• Creating Indexes/Partitions
• Creating Views
• Creating Users/Roles
• Granting privileges

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 Tables Relationships
• One to One (PK to PK)

• One to Many or Many to One (PK to FK or FK to PK)

• Many to Many (FK to FK)

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 Tables Relationships (One to One)
• Categories (StudentID,Name)
StudentIDName
1 Ramesh S
2 Haja Mohideen K
3 Babu K

• Address(StudentID, Street, Locality, City, ZipCode)

StudentID Street Locality City ZipCode
1 3/111, South Street T.Nagar Chennai 600017
2 54, 7th Block Anna Nagar Chennai 600040
3 43, Lenin Nagar Ambattur Chennai 600053

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 Tables Relationships (One to Many)
• Categories (CategoryID,CategoryName)
CategoryID CategoryName
1 Books
2 Stationeries
3 Beverages

• Products(CateogryID,ProductID, ProductName)
CategoryID ProductID ProductName
1 1 Operating System
2 2 192 Page ruled notebook
1 3 A deep dive into Datascience
3 4 Coca cola 100 ml.
1 5 C# Programming
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 What Relationship here?
Part Name VendorName
Part#:9039343 ABC and co
Part#:489768 ABC and co
Part#:9039343 ABC and co
Part#:657564 ABC and co
Part#:489768 XYZ and Co.,
Part#:657564 XYZ and Co.,
Part#:657564 XYZ and Co.,
Part#:9039343 XYZ and Co.,
Part#:489768 Raj Merchandisers
Part#:489768 Raj Merchandisers
Part#:489768 Raj Merchandisers
Part#:9039343 Raj Merchandisers

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 Types of Statements
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:
CREAT, DROP, ALTER,RENAME
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:
INSERT,UPDATE, DELETE
DATA QUERY LANGUAGE: SELECT
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:
GRANT, REVOKE
TRASACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE:
COMMIT, ROLLBACK,SAVEPOINT
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Database in Application Architecture

Queries and SP

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 Queries
Keywords : SELECT, FROM, WHERE, AND, OR, ORDER BY,
GROUP BY, CASE WHEN, HAVING
Aggregate Functions: SUM,AVG, MAX, MIN
Joins:
Inner join
Outer join(Left,Right)
Self-Join
Cross Join
Subqueries
DML: INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE
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 Queries - Conventions
• Use alias to objects(tables/views)
• Use specific column names instead of “* from”
• Don’t use manipulated columns in WHERE clause and try to use
them in wrapping query
• Use EXISTS and NOT EXISTS instead of IN and NOT IN
• Use CTE if you want to write complex queries and want to use
same query multiple times.

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 Query Optimization
• Indexes
• Partitions
• Divide and Conquer techniques(programmatically)
• Split the complex joins into few simple joins and get
the results
• This can be achieved by writing anonymous
blocks/stored procedures

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 PL/SQL
Stands for Procedural language extension to SQL
PL/SQL Units:
•Anonymous Block
•Function
•Library
•Procedure
•Package Body
•Package Specification
•Trigger
•Type
•Type Body
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 PL/SQL
PL/SQL Data Types:

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 PL/SQL
PL/SQL Data Types :
CHAR (2000) BLOB (128 TB)
VARCHAR CLOB(128 TB)
VARCHAR2(2000,32767) BFILE
NCHAR(2000)
NVARCHAR2
LONG/LONG RAW(2GB)
NUMBER
BOOLEAN
DATE
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 PL/SQL
PL/SQL Data Types example:
Empname varchar2(50);
Is_selected char(1);
Salary number(10,2);
Result Boolean;

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 PL/SQL
PL/SQL Block structure:

DECLARATION
variables declaration
BEGIN
<EXECUTION CODES>

EXCEPTION
<EXCEPTION HANDLING>
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 PL/SQL
PL/SQL Block Structure:

DECLARATION
variables declaration
BEGIN
<EXECUTION CODES>

EXCEPTION
<EXCEPTION HANDLING>
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 Programming in Postgres
Programming can be done using

• SQL
• PL/PGSQL
• Python
• C

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Case Study I
We have large number of records in an excel sheet.
Storing each of the record in a database takes time as it
requires a database connection establishment each time.

How do you solve it?

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 Case Study II
We have a table called Rules which are used to update the
values to a column of another tables?
Rules may have multiple conditions and appended by
AND/OR operators.
We need to find out the following info from each rules:
Field Name
Operator
Condition value.

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 Case Study III
How do you establish a hierarchical relationships in a
database for the following Example?
We have list of products in general, but which is viewed
under different hierarchies in different areas:
In one area, it will be like CategorySub
categoryProducts
In another area, it will be like
SuperCategoryCategorySubcategoryProducts
So, the level of hierarchy need to be dynamic and not static.

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