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M3 Polynomials 1

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15 views

M3 Polynomials 1

Uploaded by

antonanojay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics

CHAPTER15
TOPIC

Factorization of
Factorizing
Mathayom 3 Using the Special
Polynomials
Product Method
1 Which is not a polynomial?

a. x2 + 1 b. 3
c. +5 d. x – 2
2 State the degrees of these polynomials.

a x + 5x + 1
2 2 b xy – 5
2 3

c x 1 d x3y4 – 10x2 7
3 Simplify each of the following.

a (x – 5) (x2 + x) = x3 – 4x2 – 5x

b (x2 + 10x) + (20x – 8x2) –


= 30x 7x 2

c (4x3 + x) – (10x – 5x3) = 9x3 – 9x

d 24x2y2 + 6xy
= 12xy + 3
2xy
Polynomials are usually in the form of:

a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + …. + an – 1x + an

where a0 ≠ 0, a1, a2, ... , an are real numbers and n is a


non-negative number.

 The n is the degree of the polynomial.


 The a0, a1, a2, … , an–1 are the coefficients.

 The a0 is the lead coefficient and an is the constant.


To factor a polynomial means to express it as a product of
two or more smaller polynomials.

We can factorize polynomials using a few methods


such as:

 Special product method


 Highest common factor of all the terms
 Grouping method
 Synthetic division method
Factorizing using the special
product method
Difference of squares

Every polynomial that is a difference of squares can be


factored by applying the following formula:

a − b = (a − b)(a + b)
2 2
Factor these polynomials.

a x2 − 25 = x2 − 52
= (x − 5) (x + 5)

b 64x2 − 9 = (8x)2 − 32
= (8x − 3) (8x + 3)
Factor these polynomials.

c x4 − 1 = (x2)2 − 12
= (x2 − 1) (x2 + 1)

d 100 − 49x6 = 102 − (7x3)2


= (10 − 7x3) (10 + 7x3)
Perfect square trinomials

Whenever we multiply a binomial by itself once, the resulting


trinomial is called a perfect square trinomial.

For example,
(x + 3)2 = (x + 3) (x + 3) (x − 2)2 = (x − 2) (x − 2)
= x2 + 3x + 3x + 9 = x2 − 2x − 2x + 4
= x2 + 6x + 9 = x2 − 4x + 4

Both (x2 + 6x + 9) and (x2 – 4x + 4)


are perfect square trinomials.
Perfect square trinomials

Perfect square trinomials are in the forms of a2 + 2ab + b2 or


a2 – 2ab + b2 and are expressed in squared binomial forms as
(a + b)2 or (a – b)2.

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2

The middle term is twice the product of the binomial’s first


and last terms.
Are these perfect square trinomials?

a x2 + 6x + 9

 The first term, x2 is the square of x.


 The third term, 9 is the square of 3.
 According to the form for perfect square trinomials,
the middle term must be
2ab = 2(x)(3)
= 6x (matches with the second term)
Are these perfect square trinomials?

a x2 + 6x + 9

Therefore, it is a perfect square trinomial as


x2 + 6x + 9 = x2 + 2(x)(3) + 32.
Are these perfect square trinomials?

b 4x2 − 18x + 16

 The first term, 4x2 is the square of 2x.


 The third term, 16 is the square of 4.
 According to the form for perfect square trinomials,
the middle term must be
2ab = 2(2x)(4)
= 16x (does not match with the second term)
Are these perfect square trinomials?

b 4x2 − 18x + 16

Therefore, it is not a perfect square trinomial.


Are these perfect square trinomials?

c 25x4 + 40x3 + 16x2

 The first term, 25x4 is the square of 5x2.


 The third term, 16x2 is the square of 4x.
 According to the form for perfect square trinomials,
the middle term must be
2ab = 2(5x2) (4x)
= 40x3 (matches with the second term)
Are these perfect square trinomials?

c 25x4 + 40x3 + 16x2

Therefore, it is a perfect square trinomial as


25x4 + 40x3 +16x2 = (5x2)2 + 2(5x2)(4x) + (4x)2.
 To factorize a trinomial, check if it is a perfect square
trinomial.

If yes, it can be expressed in the squared binomial


form.

 Check the middle term of the trinomial to


determine the sign in both
a2 + 2ab + b2 binomials.
= (a + b)2
a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2
Factorize these polynomials.

a 4x2 − 20x + 25

 The first term, 4x2 is the square of 2x.


 The third term, 25 is the square of 5.
 The second term is 2(2x)(5).

2 − + −
Therefore, 4x 20x 25 = (2x 5) 2

= (2x − 5)(2x − 5)
Factorize these polynomials.

b x4 + 12x2 + 36

 The first term, x4 is the square of x2.


 The third term, 36 is the square of 6.
 The second term is 2(x2)(6).

Therefore, x4 + 12x2 + 36 = (x2 + 6)2


= (x2 + 6) (x2 + 6)
Factorize these polynomials.

c 9x6 − 60x3 + 100

 The first term, 9x6 is the square of 3x3.


 The third term, 100 is the square of 10.
 The second term is 2(3x3)(10).

6 − 3 + 3 −
Therefore, 9x 60x 100 = (3x 10) 2

= (3x3 − 10) (3x3 − 10)


Factorize these polynomials.

d 25x4 + 40x3 + 16x2

 The first term, 25x4 is the square of 5x2.


 The third term, 16x2 is the square of 4x.
 The second term is 2(5x2)(4x).

4 + 3 + 2 +
Therefore, 25x 40x 16x2
= (5x 4x) 2

= (5x2 + 4x) (5x2 + 4x)


Mathematics Chapter 5
Mathayom 3

Let’s test your understanding.


Try Questions 2 and 3
in Test Yourself 5.1
on pages 68 and 69.
Sum and difference of cubes

 A polynomial in the form a3 + b3 is called a sum of cubes.

 A polynomial in the form a3 – b3 is called a difference of cubes.

They can be factorized by applying the following formulas:

a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Factorize these polynomials.

a x3 − 8 b 27x3 + 1

= x3 − (2)3 = (3x)3 + 13
= (x − 2) (x2 + 2x + 22) = (3x + 1) [(3x)2 − 3x(1) + 12]

= (x − 2) (x2 + 2x + 4) = (3x + 1) (9x2 − 3x + 1)


Factorize these polynomials.

c −x3 − 125 d 64 − 343x3

= −(x3 + 125) = 43 − (7x)3


= −(x3 + 53) = (4 − 7x)[16 + 4(7x) + 49x2]

= − (x + 5) (x2 − 5x + 25) = (4 − 7x)(16 + 28x + 49x2)


Factoring sum and difference of cubes

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXjxF1I9o4E
 Polynomials usually are in the form of:

a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + …. + an – 1x + an

where a0 ≠ 0, a1, a2, ... , an are real numbers and n is a


non-negative number.
 The n is the degree of the polynomial.

 The a0, a1, a2, … , an–1 are the coefficients.


 The a0 is the lead coefficient and an is the constant.
 Some special products of squares and cubes:

Difference of squares: a − b = (a − b)(a + b)


2 2

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
Perfect squares:
a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2
 Some special products of squares and cubes:

Sum of cubes: a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

Difference of cubes: a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)


 We can factorize some polynomials using the special
product method.

e.g. 8x3 – 27 = (2x)3 – 33


= (2x – 3) (4x2 + 6x + 9)
Mathematics Chapter 5
Mathayom 3

Let’s test your understanding.


Try Question 4
in Test Yourself 5.1 on page 69.
Mathematics Chapter 5
Mathayom 3

Mathematics Workbook helps you


to excel in maths.
Enjoy doing Exercise 5.1
on pages 46 and 47.
Mathematics Chapter 5
Mathayom 3

References

 Focus Smart Plus Mathematics Textbook Mathayom 3

 Focus Smart Plus Mathematics Workbook Mathayom 3

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXjxF1I9o4E

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