What is

Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that can perform
a variety of operations in accordance with set of
instructions called program.
 A computer can be defined as an electronic device
which accepts input from the user, process the input
and produce the desired output.
Basic Computer
Components
Introductio
n Our present day life is so automatic that most of the tasks are accomplished


with a click of a button. In every sphere of life, machines dominate human

efforts. Let us take the case of cash withdrawal from a bank ATM. The
user is required to press only a few buttons to authenticate his identity and
the amount he wishes to withdraw. Then within seconds the money pops
out of the ATM. During this process, the inside working of bank ATM is
beyond imagination of the user. Broadly speaking, the ATM receives
certain data from the user, processes it and gives the output (money). This
is exactly what a computer does. Formally, a computer can be defined as
follows:
“ An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in
awithparticular form and of
a predetermined but performing a sequence
variable set of operations in
of procedural
accordance
(program)
instructionsto produce a result in the form
of information or signals.”
Introductio
n
 Computer performs basically five major
irrespective of its size and make.
functions
 It accepts data or instructions by way of
input
 It stores data
 It processes data as required by the user
 It controls operations of a computer I-P-O
Cycle
 It gives results in the form of output
INPU PROCES OUTPU
T S T
Block Diagram of
Computer
Block Diagram of
Computer
 The above diagram describes the basic layout of a
computer. A computer receives data and instructions
through "Input Devices" which get processed in
Central Processing Unit, "CPU" and the result is
shown through "Output Devices". The "Main / primary
Memory" and "Secondary / Auxiliary Memory" are
used to store data inside the computer. These are the
basic components that each computer possess. Each of
these components exists in various types and variety
that differ in shape, size, usage and performance. The
user makes a choice according to his specific
requirement.
CP
U
 Stands for Central Processing Unit
 Also known as the Brain of Computer.
 It convert the Input into Output
 CPU perform its operation with the help of its
2 subunits :-
 ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 CU : Control Unit
AL
U
 ALU Perform all the arithmetical and
logical operations.
 Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /
 Logical operation like comparison or
decision making like: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>
C
U
 Control and guides the interpretation of all the data
and information.
 It coordinates the different units attached to
computer system.
 It takes input from Input device and store it in main
memory, then it send the data to ALU if any
arithmetic operation is required after this it transfer
the output to output devices.
Memory of
Computer
 Memory refers to the place where data is stored
temporarily or permanently.
 Input must goes to Memory Unit then only any
action on it can be performed.
 Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
 Primary Memory
 Primary or main memory stores information(data
and instruction)
 Secondary Memory
 Stores the data permanently for future retrieval
Primary
Memory
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 It is the working memory, right from the booting of
computer till the computer is shutdown this memory
is in use to store all the operation done by the
computer
 is used for primary storage in computers to hold
active information of data and instructions.
 It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory
 Data is lost if Power Off
Primary
Memory
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to store the
instructions provided by the manufacturer, which holds
the instructions to check basic hardware inter
connecter and to load operating system from
appropriate storage device
 It is also known as FIRMWARE
 Its data is stored permanently on it so it is non-volatile
device.
Unit of
MemoryThe elementary unit of memory is a bit (binary
digit) Zero(0) & One(1)

GROUP OF KNOWN AS
4 BIT NIBBLE
8 BIT BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE(KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA BYTE(MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE(GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE(TB)
1024 TB 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
1024 PB 1Exa Byte(EB)
1024 EB 1 Zeeta Byte(ZB)
1024 ZB 1 Yotta Byte(YB)
1024 YB 1 Bronto Byte
1024 Bronto Byte 1 Geop Byte
Secondary Storage Devices

 If we want to save data for future reference and retrieval

then it needs to be saved in memory other than primary
memory, which is called secondary memory, or auxiliary
memory. Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so there are
many other secondary storage media in use.
 Example:
 Hard Disk
 SSD
 CD/DVD
 Pen Drive
 Floppy, etc.
Secondary Storage Devices

 HARD DISK :
 A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or
disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving digital
information, primarily computer data.
 It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly
rotating discs (often referred to as platters), coated with
magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
 Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the cabinet. It
is also known as fixed disk
Secondary Storage Devices

 SSD:
 A Solid State Device(SSD) is a device for storing and
retrieving digital information in integrated circuits.
 This non-volatile storage media stores persistent data on
solid-state flash memory. SSDs replace traditional hard disk
drives (HDDs) in computers and perform the same basic
functions as a hard drive.
Secondary Storage Devices

 FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is made

up of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic material enclosed
in a cover. Its capacity is 1.44 MB.

 COMPACT DISK (CD) : Capacity of standard 120mm

CD is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk which is
commonly used to store audio and video data. Transfer
speed is mentioned as multiple of 150 KB/s. 4x means
600 KB/s.
Secondary Storage Devices

 DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) : This is an optical disc

storage device. It can be recorded on single side or on
double side. Its capacity may range from 4.7 GB to
8.5 GB.
 PEN DRIVE :This is small, portable memory, which can
be plugged into a computer with USB Port.
They have capacity lesser than hard disk but much
larger than a floppy or CD. They are more reliable also.
They are also called pen drive.
Input
Devices
 These are the devices used to give input
to computer for processing.
 Input may be in form of text, images, audio, etc.
 Input Devices example:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Scanner
 Etc.
 KEYBOA
RD Function
Keys Numeric
Keys

Control Key

Alt KeyEnter Key

This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of buttons
or keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically corresponds to a single
written symbol. However some symbols require pressing and holding several
keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce
letters, numbers or characters, other keys or simultaneous key presses can
produce actions or computer commands.
 MOUS
E

Wired

Wireless
Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-
dimensional
motion relative to its supporting surface. The mouse's motion typically
translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which allows for fine
control of a Graphical User Interface. A mouse primarily comprises of
three parts: the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object.
Using left
button of mouse different operations like selection, dragging, moving
 SCANNE
R
Scanner is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts
it to digital image.

JOYSTICK
A joystick is an input device consisting of a
stick that pivots
on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is
controlling.
Many people use joysticks on computer games involving
flight such as flight simulator.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually
have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read
by the computer
 TOUCH
SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input device.
The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the computer
by touching pictures or words on the screen.

You may see it at as KIOSKS installed in various public places like

ATM machines, Railway’s PNR checking machine etc.

MICROPHONE
It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are mainly
used for sound recording.
OUTPUT
DEVICE
 Output device is used to display the output to
user either in soft copy or hard copy.
 Soft copy output appears on monitor whereas hard
copy output appears on paper by printer.
 Various output devices are:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
 Projector etc.
Monito
r
 Also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 It is the primary output device where we see
the output. It looks like TV.
 Its display may be CRT, LCD or LED
 CRT – Cathode ray tube
 LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 LED – Light Emitting Diode
Printe
r
 Printer produces output on paper.
 There are various types of printer available in
market like:
 Dot Matrix Printer : uses ribbon and hammer
technology. Its quality is not very good. Output
is printer by making object using small dots.
Printe
r
 Inkjet/Deskjet Printer: is a type of computer printer
that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink
onto paper.

 Laser Printer: These printers use laser technology to

produce printed documents. These are very fast printers
and are used for high quality prints.
CMO
S
 complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
 CMOS is an onboard, battery powered
semiconductor chip inside computers that stores
information.
 This information ranges from the system time and date
to system hardware settings for your computer.
 CMOS battery is generally used to give backup support
to BIOS program.
BIO
S
 The basic input/output system (BIOS) is also commonly
known as the System BIOS. The BIOS is boot firmware, a
small program that controls various electronic devices
attached to the main computer system.
 It is designed to be the first set of instructions run by a
Computer when powered on. The initial function of the
BIOS is to initialize system devices such as the RAM,
hard disk, CD/DVD drive, video display card, and other
hardware.
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