UNIT 1

IOT WITH CLOUD COMPUTING

PRUDHVI KIRAN P
Assistant Professor, CSE - IOT Dept.
R. V. R. & J. C. College of Engineering
UNIT - 1 [ 10 Periods ]
Introduction to Internet of Things(loT):
Concepts and Definitions of IoT, loT Data vs BigData, loT Analytics - Life Cycle and
Techniques/Types, IoT Complete Technology Chain, Applications of loT, Opportunities and
Challenges in loT.
Introduction to Cloud Computing:
Cloud Services Models, Cloud Deployment Models, Need of Cloud Computing for IoT, Fog
Computing Vs Cloud Computing for loT.

SUBJECT CODE - CO 314 (EL01)

CLASS DETAILS - IOT V SEM - AUGUST 2023
FACULTY DETAILS - PRUDHVI KIRAN P, Asst. Prof., CSE (IOT), RVR&JC College of Engineering
QUESTION BANK - UNIT 1 [Assignment Questions - 5, 8, 11]
1. Define IoT. Explain how IoT is different from the traditional Internet, draw appropriate
diagrams.
2. Define M2M, CPS & WoT with contrast with IoT.
3. What is BigData? Explain it's role in Internet of Things (IoT).
4. Define IoT Analytics. Draw and explain the IoT Analytics - Life Cycle, in detail.
5. Explain briefly about various types of IoT Analytics. Draw a block diagram of IoT Complete
Technology Chain.
6. Mention 10 application areas of IoT with 3 examples for each area. Discuss about IoT business
opportunities in Agricultural, Industrial & Medical areas.
7. Discuss about various IoT business opportunities, in 5 different areas.
8. Discuss about challenges faced by IoT.
9. Define Cloud Computing. Explain the three cloud service models, in detail.
10. Explain about various cloud deployment models, in detail with appropriate block diagrams.
11. Discuss about the need of cloud computing in IoT.
12. Define Fog Computing and compare it with Cloud Computing in IoT space.
END
1.1.1 CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS OF IoT

INTERNET ALLOWS PEOPLE TO INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER USING

PC/HAND HELD DEVICES.
INTERNET OF THINGS ALLOWS PEOPLE & DEVICES TO INTERACT WITH EACH
OTHER USING SENSORS & ACTUATORS.
 What is it to be a IOT Device!?

It basically depends on two things to transform a normal device into IOT smart device:
1. The device which has the capability to connect with the internet in any way.
2. The device which is integrated with technology like sensors, functional software, some inbuilt
technology which support network connections and also actuators.
IOT DEFINITIONS ..
The Internet of Things (IOT) describes the network of physical objects - “things” - that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.
The term IOT, or Internet of Things, refers to the
collective network of connected devices and the
technology that facilitates communication between
devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices
themselves.
The Internet of Things (IOT) refers to a network of
physical devices, vehicles, appliances and other physical
objects that are embedded with sensors, software and
network connectivity that allows them to collect and
share data.

Create your own definition for

IOT
 CONNECTED DEVICES BY THE END OF 2023 ARE 20
BILLION

 There are over 15 billion connected IOT devices worldwide

 The number of active IOT devices is expected to 30 Billion by 2030
 Greater China has more than 5 billion IOT devices
 Approximately 2 in 3 devices use IOT
 Remote asset monitoring is the most popular use case for IOT

EVERY SECOND, 127 DEVICES HOOK UP TO

THE INTERNET FOR THE FIRST TIME.
INTERNET

THINGS
 1.2.EVOLUTION
IOT Evolution of..IOT
1. 1982 - A graduate student in Carnegie Mellon University’s computer science department wants
to know if his department’s soda vending machine has cold soda bottles but doesn’t want to go
all the way there to check as the machine is quite a distance from his classroom. So, with the
help of two fellow students and a research engineer, he develops a code that can let anyone on
the university ARPANET monitor the status of the vending machine; whether it has soda bottles
and whether they are cold or not. The evolution of IOT began here.
2. 1989 - English computer scientist Tim Berners Lee proposes the framework of the World Wide
Web and lays the foundation of the Internet.
3. 1990 - MIT’s John Romkey invents a toaster that can be turned on or off via the Internet. It was
connected to a computer as there was no Wi-Fi then, but this toaster is considered to be the
world’s first IOT device - the first ‘thing’ in the Internet of Things. Later in 1991 a small internet
controlled robotic crane was added to the system, to pick bread slice and place in toaster.
4. 1993 - Quentin Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky from the University of Cambridge build the
Trojan Room Coffee Pot in their computer laboratory where an image of its interior is uploaded
to the building’s server thrice every minute for people to check the level of coffee when they
want a cup of Coffee.
5. 1999 - Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, Kevin Ashton, coins the term Internet of Things
(IOT) in a presentation he makes at Proctor & Gamble about linking RFIDs in their supply chain
to the internet.
6. 2000 - LG introduced first Smart Refrigirator.
7. 2003-2004 - The term IOT starts to be used widely in mainstream publications like The Guardian
and Scientific American.
8. 2004 - First Smart Watch was introduced
9. 2005 - The United Nations International Telecommunications Union acknowledges the impact of
IOT in its report.
10. 2008 - The first IOT conference is held in Zurich, bringing together researchers and practitioners
from academia and industry. In the same year, the US National Intelligence Council recognized
IOT as one of the six disruptive civil technologies. The Evolution of IOT gained popularity from
this point onwards.
11. 2009 - Google started testing Self Driving Cars.
12. 2011 - The Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (CIBSG) announces in their white paper that
the true birth of IOT was between 2008 and 2009 where the number of things connected to the
internet exceeded the number of people connected to it.
13. 2012 - Companies like Apple and Samsung make waves with their smartphones, there is a
proliferation of AI-powered personal assistants like Google Home and Amazon Alexa
14. 2015 - Tesla comes out with Auto Piolet drive for their cars. Today, all our devices work in
tandem over the internet.
15. 2015 and beyond - We all start to have devices that control individual things in our home, all
working in concert with our computers and phones to share data and interact.
IOT versus M2M, CPS & WOT
 Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
 Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS) IOT
 Web-of-Things (WoT)
 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) CPS

M2M WOT

WSN
IOT versus M2M
 In M2M two or more than two machines communicate with each other without human
interaction using a wired or wireless mechanism. It is a technology that allows devices to
connect with other devices, without the use of the internet. It collects the data and shares it
with other connected devices.
 M2M technology may be present in offices, shopping malls, houses, and many other places. A
common example of a machine to machine is controlling electrical devices like fans and bulbs
using Bluetooth from the smartphone. Here, the smartphone and electrical devices are the two
interacting devices with each other.
 IOT is a subset of M2M technology. In IOT, the communication between two machines without
human instruction, making it a part of the M2M communication system.
 The point-to-point communication of M2M is the main difference between M2M and IOT
technology. Meanwhile, an IOT system usually locates its devices within a global cloud network
that facilitates larger-scale automation and more advanced applications.
 Another key difference between IOT and M2M is scalability. IOT is designed to be highly scalable
because devices may also be included in the network and integrated into existing networks with
minimal issues.
 In contrast, maintaining and setting up M2M networks could also be more labor-intensive, as
new point-to-point connections must be built for each system.

IOT versus CPS

 Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are intelligent engineered systems that are built from the seamless
integration of computation, networking, and physical processes. CPS consists of a collection of
computing devices that communicate with each other and interact with the physical world via
sensors and actuators in a feedback loop.
 Often called a Next Generation Computing System, CPS are technical systems that are controlled
by computer based algorithms. The idea behind CPS is to develop systems that integrate the
dynamics of the physical processes with those of the software and networking.
 Examples include Robots, intelligent buildings, implantable medical devices, cars that drive
themselves or planes that automatically fly in a controlled airspace.
 The concept of cyber-physical systems is a generalization of embedded systems. These systems
are concerned with how physical systems can be controlled and monitored using the cyber space.
IOT, on the other hand, represents a more evolved state where physical and digital worlds are
blended into a single space. It is focused on how these physical objects can be connected to the
internet to do something meaningful.
 With human assistance, CPS can autonomously evaluate operational conditions and subsequently
support decision-making. IOT, on the other hand, is purely automation; no human intervention.
IOT versus WOT
 While IOT is about creating a network of objects, things, people, systems and applications, WoT
tries to integrate them to the Web. Technically speaking, WoT can be thought as a option of an
application layer added over the IOT's network layer.
 The scope of IOT applications is broader which also includes systems that are not accessible
through the web (e.g., conventional WSN and RFID systems). But WoT focuses of systems
accessibility through Web only.
 WoT is made to handle and use the potential of IOT. It deals with web servers and Protocols.
WoT is made up of the applications that are made for IOT Devices.
 From a developer's perspective, the WoT enables access and control over IOT resources and
applications using mainstream web technologies (such as HTML 5.0, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, Ruby n'
Rails etc.).
 IOT represents the road on which cars travel from place to place; WoT represents how to travel
and what to do at destination.
IOT versus WSN
 The main difference between Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and IOT is the style of device
usage scenario in their systems.
 In WSN, sensors are typically used to collect data from the environment and connected to each
other without intervention of Internet. Whereas the term "Internet of Things" (IOT) has been
used to describe a new phenomenon wherein every sensor goes online, using Internet.
 Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things will be used in tandem to create powerful
applications.

TECHNOLOGIES ENABLING IOT

1. Wireless Sensor Networks
2. Cloud Computing
3. BigData Analytics
4. Communication Protocols
5. Embedded Systems
1.1.2 IoT Vs Big Data
BIGDATA ANALYTICS
 BigData is a collection of data coming from various types of sources. The data here is often huge
which cannot be handled by the traditional databases and data warehouses.
 BigData is often characterized by six V’s. They are: Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity (trust),
Value, Variability.
 The BigData analytics framework consists of six steps namely: collection, cleaning, integration,
analysis, visualization and alerting.
INTERNET OF THINGS
 The Internet of Things (IOT) refers to physical objects connected through shared networks. A
variety of sensors gather information and share it across systems that can store, manage, filter,
and analyse the data.
 A vast amount of real-time data is collected from connected IOT devices and transferred across
the internet for storage and analysis.
IOT and big data have many overlapping components, and IOT is considered a major source of big
data.
 However, IOT & Big Data were developed independently of one another. As the volume of IOT-
generated data increased to the point that conventional storage and analysis methods became
inefficient, big data and IOT become more and more interrelated.
 In the current environment, the complex data and information gathered by IOT devices can be
considered a big data's data set being gathered in real time. Big data storage and analytics
currently help to make sense of this real-time data set and provide helpful insights.
 To sum up the relationship at a high level: A network of devices equipped with electronics and
sensors send piles of real-time information to the internet, where it is processed and stored into
vast data sets, referred to big data and analysed to find useful patterns, which are referred to big
data analytics.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are joined with big data to generate useful
insights; big data analytics.
 Companies make use of IOT devices to collect data. Since the data stored by IOT devices are in
unstructured form, Big Data processes this collected data on a real-time basis and also stores
them using several storage technologies followed by analysis by using technologies like, Hadoop,
MapReduce or Spark; big data analytics and generate the reports. Therefore, the need to get big
data in IOT is compelling.
Parameters of
IOT (Internet of Things) Big Data
Comparison

The Internet of Things has multiple shades of Big data is actually the datasets that are characterized as
meaning. However, it is first and foremost a large chunks of information. The latter is pulled from a
CONCEPT
system of interrelated devices. The latter gather variety of sources and can be analyzed through AI
and exchange data over the Internet. software.

IOT deals with machine-generated data. Processes all types of information that come in various
DATA Therefore, the source of data is exclusively types and has different resources. Thus, social media,
SOURCE limited to devices, solutions, and services linked transactional, and machine input can all be related to Big
with these devices and solutions. data.

Connected devices gather and analyze input in

In the second case, the streams are not subjected to
PROCESSING real-time to monitor the events or patterns of
real-time processing. It means that Big data isn’t always
TYPE interest. Therefore, businesses can readily
processed in real-time.
integrate new insights into their operations.

The Internet of Things allows organizations to

uncover machine-related insights. Thus, sensors
INSIGHT Big data, on the contrary, helps companies get a holistic
deliver real-time updates on equipment well-
SPECTRUM overview of all operations and uncover root causes.
being. Predictive maintenance, for example, is
one of the fields integrated with IOT data.
Parameters of
IOT (Internet of Things) Big Data
Comparison

In the case of IOT, one must be able to

BASIS OF Big Data Analytics uses Statistical formats to generate
understand the information collected through
RESULTS results from a huge quantity of data.
machine sensors for the right output.

Although Internet of Things and BigData are distinct concepts with different implementations, they do
cross in many ways. Both transform data into actionable insights.
 IOT Big data projects have blossomed in a wide range of industries. This duo allows companies to
get fresh-baked insights, automate processes and reduce labour costs. This, in turn, translates into
reduced waste, improved service quality, and decreased production costs.
 According to the report, most IOT Big data projects happen in industrial settings. Thus,
manufacturing, utility (basic everyday amenities), and automotive industries accrue the largest
benefits.
Data will continue flowing into businesses and more devices will join the internet of things in near
future. Overall, the convergence of big data and IoT can provide new opportunities in all industries, and
along with that, it has the potential to revolutionize businesses in huge way.
 CLOUD

TIME
THINGS/DEVICES TRADITIONAL SENSITIVE
DATA ANALYTICS

GATEWAY

DATA KNOWLEDGE
& DECISIONS

NOT
TIME
BIG DATA SENSITIVE
BIG
ANALYTICS AI & ML is
DATA USED

IOT & BIG DATA WORKING TOGETHER

1.1.3 loT Analytics - Types/Techniques & Life Cycle
What is IoT Analytics?
 Internet of Things (IoT) analytics is a data analysis tool that assesses the wide range of data
collected from IoT devices. IoT analytics assesses vast quantities of data and produces useful
information from it.
 IoT analytics are mostly discussed in tandem with Industrial IoT (IIoT). Data is collected from a
wide range of sensors on manufacturing infrastructure, weather stations, smart meters, delivery
trucks, and all forms of machinery and used to create useful analytics, which leads to improved
product quality, production efficiency, and customer service.
 IoT analytics is used to make sense of the vast amount of data produced by the Internet of
Things. This data comes in through myriad sensors and devices; a single piece of machinery may
have dozens of different sensors, each producing data constantly. IoT analytics is critical to being
able to ingest the data from IoT connected devices, and produce insights, detect patterns, or
make predictions that businesses can use when making business decisions.
 The types of Internet of Things analytics are broken down by the types of challenges they
address and insights they produce. The main four are;
1. Descriptive analytics 2. Diagnostic analytics 3. Predictive analytics
4. Prescriptive analytics 5. Streaming Analytics/Edge Analytics
1. Descriptive Analytics
 Descriptive analytics make sense of the real-time data coming from IoT connected devices. It
monitors the performance of devices and determines whether it is running how it should be. This
type of analytics can be used to detect anomalies, understand how a device is being used
internally or by consumers.
2. Diagnostic Analytics
 Diagnostic analytics provides insights into why things are happening. It can be used to
understand anomalies, areas of inefficiency or other trends. In the case that a device is not
performing optimally, diagnostic analytics look at IoT data to identify what the problem is.
3. Predictive Analytics
 Predictive analytics incorporates machine learning capabilities to assess the likelihood of a future
event happening. Machine learning models are trained with vast amounts of historical data that
allow it to identify trends and the probabilities of certain things leading to certain outcomes.
4. Prescriptive Analytics
 One of the more advanced analytics capabilities is prescriptive. Prescriptive analytics gives
additional insights into what actions you can take to impact the results of descriptive,
diagnostic, or predictive analytics.
 It helps organizations better understand how they can prevent failures, improve effectiveness,
avoid or increase outputs and more.
5. Streaming Analytics/Edge Analytics
 Streaming analytics focuses on real-time analysis of data as it flows through IoT devices. It
involves processing and analysing data in motion, allowing organizations to identify and respond
to critical events in real time.
 Streaming analytics is particularly valuable in scenarios where immediate actions are required,
such as real-time monitoring or anomaly detection.
 Edge analytics refers to performing data analysis and processing at the edge of the network,
close to where the data is generated.
 By processing data locally on IoT devices or gateways, edge analytics reduces latency and
bandwidth requirements, making real-time insights possible even in situations with limited
connectivity. Streaming and Edge analytics can be referred to same scenario, many times.
IOT ANALYTICS LIFE CYCLE $$$
The IoT Analytics lifecycle includes five stages:

TA e d.
F DA age re a c h
VALU EO it h eac h st
c re a s es w
g reat ly in
ta
your IoT da
$ lue o f
The va

1 2 3 4 5
GENERATE CREATE ANALYZE REACT PREDICT
Almost every company implementing IoT eventually wants to reach the Predict stage. In reality,
however, most companies are very early in the lifecycle, typically somewhere between the
Generate and Collect stages. Even companies that would be considered leaders in the digital
transformation space are barely in the Analyze stage.
1. Generate
 The first step for any IoT project is to generate some data. For equipment manufacturers, this is
likely data from your machines (through sensors), like voltage, temperature, rpm, flow rate, or
fuel level, etc. For smart building applications, this is probably data like room occupancy, motion,
office temperature, and air quality.
2. Collect
 Once the data is generated, it must be collected in a central repository that can be accessed and
queried by your team. This repository is sometimes called a data warehouse or data lake.
 Implementing your own data warehouse can be a challenge, especially for companies that may
not have existing internal expertise in managing a large data infrastructure. Each of the major
cloud providers (Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM) do have a data warehouse service that can
be used.
3. Analyse
 Now that the data is stored, it can be analysed. This is also an inflection point on the analytics
lifecycle when it comes to the value of your data. While there is some amount of value in
generating and collecting data, this is the point at which you can start delivering real ROI (Return
on Investment).
 Analysing data is about understanding what happened in the past. The first step in this stage is
typically visualizing your historical IoT data on a dashboard. Analysing data is also about
processing information in different ways in order to derive insights from raw data.
 There’s an enormous amount of value in being able to see your information for the first time.
Field technicians can view this data to better understand the past behaviour of a piece of
equipment being repaired. Facilities managers can view historical occupancy rates to better
plan office environments and services.
4. React
 If your company can reach the React stage in the analytics lifecycle, you’ll begin to see significant
value being added to your organization. The React stage is about automatically making real-time
decisions from your data that feed back into a business process.
 For industrial companies, reacting to data can be used to implement more efficient condition-
based maintenance techniques to reduce cost. When faults are detected by your equipment,
your environment can react by automatically generating a support ticket in another system. In
office environments, conference rooms can be automatically freed up if no motion is detected
in a booked room. In construction environments, water can be automatically shut off if flow is
detected after work hours. No matter the industry, reacting to data is a fundamental part of IoT’s
potential value.
5. Predict
 Predicting the future can be the end-result of successfully traversing all stages of the IoT
Analytics Lifecycle. The Predict stage is about identifying the predictive indicators that lead to
eventual failures.
 The ecosystem and tools around predictive analytics are still young, which means nearly every
project requires a significant amount of human labour to implement. A large amount of data
must be collected, often over several years, in order to properly train a predictive model. This
amount of required data and time involved is why the Predict stage is last in the analytics
lifecycle. As you progress through the lifecycle, each stage adds additional value while you build
up the data and expertise that’s required for this final stage.
START SMALL
• The best advice for traversing the analytics lifecycle is to start small. Identify a single, high-impact
problem and begin implementing an IoT solution to solve it.
• Once you’ve experienced the value in a single project, identify the next problem and repeat the
process. Most of the work you’ve put into solving it the first time, can be used again the next
time.
1.1.4 loT Complete Technology Chain
The loT Complete Technology Chain (or) IoT technology stack refers to the multiple layers of
hardware, software and communication technologies that connect objects over the internet to
monitor or control them. The following layers make up the IoT technology stack:
The customer interface for dashboards, settings and devices - Device Management,
CLOUD Data Visualization, Data Analytics, Alerts and Alarms set-up,
APPLICATIONS Big Data, AI & Machine Learning
Where data from IoT devices is captured, processed and stored - Bare metal servers
CLOUD (Example - SanCloud hosted), cloud hosted servers (Example - Amazon Web Services -
PLATFORM AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP))
How devices connect to each other and internet and transfer data - Wired,
COMMUNICATION Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, Thread, LTE-M/NB-IoT/2G/3G/4G/5G Cellular Networks,
LoRaWAN

DEVICE Runs on the device's processor and controls it's functionality - Linux,
SOFTWARE C, Peral, Python, Qt

DEVICE Embedded into 'Things' in IoT - Sensors, SBCs, Gateways, PLC Interface
HARDWARE Modules and Connectors

Physical objects found in your home,

THINGS workplace, industries and everyday life.
1.1.5 Applications of loT
Major Application Areas of IoT
1. Healthcare
2. Industrial
3. Smart Homes
4. Smart City
5. Agriculture
6. Smart Supply Chain
7. Retail
8. Transportation
9. Smart Grid
10. Wearable Technology *By end of 2023
 1. Wearable IoT devices let hospitals
1. HEALTHCARE
monitor their patients’ health at home,
thereby reducing hospital stays while
still providing up to the minute real-time
information that could save lives.
2. Smart Beds keep the staff informed as
to the availability, thereby cutting wait
time for free space.
3. Placing IoT sensors on critical
equipment means fewer breakdowns
and increased reliability, which can
mean the difference between life and
death.
4. Elderly care becomes significantly more
comfortable with IoT.
5. Sensors can also determine if a patient
has fallen or is suffering a heart attack.
2. INDUSTRIAL 1. Centralized System to control and
monitor all company processes. For
example, we can monitor, Plant air
quality and the frequency of illnesses in
a company, it is possible to avoid
hazardous scenarios that imply a threat
to the workers.
2. Predictive maintenance consists of
detecting the need for a machine to be
maintained before a crisis takes.
3. Smart wearables can monitor health
conditions, trigger instant warning
messages to employees during
emergency, can provide feedback if not
fit for particular task.
4. Smart Robotics - Man machine interface
design concept will reduce the
complexity of operation.
3. SMART HOME
1. Environmental Controls so that your house is at peak comfort (AC/Heater) when you come
home.
2. Security is made more accessible with Smart Door Cameras and Smart Door Locks. as well as
activating a smart lock to allow the appropriate people to enter the house even if they don’t
have a key.

3. Consumer having the ability to Control appliances and lights remotely.

4. Easy to Scale - flexibility and scalability in replacing older appliances or even in case of adding
more appliances to your existing network.
 Mark Zuckerberg's
grey t-shirt cannon
Mark Zuckerberg's AI - Personal Assistant

- Jarvis -
Home Automation,
his personal challenge for 2016

*not for exam! only for understanding purpose.

4. SMART CITY
1. Smart meters also allow users to track their
energy consumption, leaving a significant
financial impact. This also allows the utility
companies connected through smart grids, to
manage energy flow more effectively.
2. Smart waste management solutions enables
full trash cans to send alert to waste
management companies, providing the best
waste pick-up routes.
3. Smart air quality monitors can detect these
particles and inform users of pollutants and
unsafe pollutant levels via an indicator light or
push notifications to one’s smartphone or
tablet.
4. Smart parking sensors sends data about free
Smart cities use IoT devices data to improve infrastructure, and residential parking areas via a
public utilities and services, and more. web/mobile app.
5. AGRICULTURE 1. For Indoor planting, IoT makes
monitoring and management of micro-
climate conditions a reality.
2. For Outside planting, devices using IoT
technology can sense soil moisture and
nutrients, in conjunction with weather
data
3. Sprinkler systems dispense water only
when needed, prevents wasting.
4. Using drones for crop surveillance can
drastically increase farm crop yields
while minimizing the cost of walking the
fields.
5. IoT is utilized in various agricultural
practices, such as irrigation,
fertilization, pesticides, weed
management, etc.
 1. IoT devices can be attached to specific storage
6. SMART SUPPLY CHAIN
containers or to raw materials or products
themselves, which will transmit its location, which
can be picked up by GPS satellites and used to track
movement of goods.
2. Monitoring the storage conditions of products
which enhances quality management throughout
the supply chain. Some goods like food and
chemicals need to be stored in ideal conditions.
Specialist IoT devices can monitor areas like
temperature, humidity, exposure to an atmosphere,
light intensity and other environmental factors.
3. Streamline the Problematic Movement of Goods,
by identifying where and when goods are delayed
in transit, followed by contingency planning and
alternative routes to speed up the supply chain.
4. Locate Goods in massive storages.
 1. Cashier less payment systems.
7. RETAIL
2. Customer movement tracking systems for
optimal store setup.
3. Real-time condition monitoring of goods.
4. IoT enabled helps retailers determine optimal
staffing levels for different dates and times,
improve marketing strategies, gauge traffic flow,
enhance customer service and more.
5. IoT-based drone that monitors inventory in real-
time and sends alerts in case there are no
available units left.
6. Using cameras, retail sensors and tracking
technology together with advanced analytics,
managers can better understand customer
journeys, e.g. identify an impatient or confused
shopper, figure out the reasons for an abandoned
shopping experience.
 1. Efficient Traffic Management using CC TV
8. TRANSPORT Cameras, smart parking systems, automatic
traffic light system and smart accident
assistance and many more
2. Automated Toll.
3. Self-driving Cars.
4. Enhanced Security of the Public Transport - Ola
Cab live monitoring, Speed Monitoring, etc.
5. IoT technologies help to provide customers
with more accurate, up-to-date, real-time data
to better plan journeys.
6. IoT efficiently looks after, Trip scheduling, Fleet
tracking, Driving times and driver rest break
scheduling, Alerts for speeding, harsh
cornering, acceleration or braking, Monitoring
of vehicle load, Distance travelled and fuel
consumption.
9. SMART GRID
1. Smart Grid is an electricity
network that consists of a
system of infrastructural,
hardware and software
solutions that enable two-way
communication between all
system parts and participants
and provide efficient power
generation and distribution in
the supply chain.
2. Smart grid enables protective
management of electrical
network during emergency
situation.
3. Provides better power quality.
4. Reduce carbon emissions.
5. Adoption of smart grid technology by households and the whole cities helps monitor and control
energy use in real time and optimize it with the best interests of citizens and the environment
in mind.
6. At the same time, improved visibility of every grid’s element - loads, equipment, transmission
lines, appliances - allows management to detect any problem in time or even in advance,
address it accordingly and prevent expensive and dangerous problems like outages and
downtime due to untimely maintenance.
7. Real-time data analytics and visualization. 4. Prevention of Energy Theft. 5. Remote Control. 6.
Improve Billing Transparency.
10. SMART WEARABLES A Few operations performed by smart wearables:
1. Sleep monitoring.
2. Activity tracker.
3. Detecting stress levels.
4. Detect temperature.
5. Respiration rate.
6. Heart rate and other health-related information.
7. Calories burned.
8. Weight gained/lost.
9. Distance travelled, etc.
1. Smart Ring 2. Smart Belt 3. Gaming Armbands 4.
Smart Shoes 5. Fitness Tracker 6. Smart Clothing 7.
Smart Glasses 8. GPS tracking Band 9. Smart Gloves 10.
Smart Jewellery
Application Areas From Surveys Categorised By Impact to Society, Environment and Economy
1.1.6 Opportunities and Challenges in loT
 Whether it’s connecting a thermostat in your home or improving the efficiency of a jet engine,
IoT solutions are the next big wave in technological advancement. Businesses have already
begun to adopt IoT technology, and the need for IoT architects and engineers will be growing
over the next decade. There are different types of growing business opportunities in industries
and different types of job opportunities offered by these IoT enabled industries.
IOT BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
1. Agriculture
 Using the Internet of Things in agriculture is a decent idea. Businesses can automate various
procedures like irrigation, fertilization, and crop management. weather and plant health can also
be collected for planning the processes more efficiently. Using IOT, farmers can minimize waste
and increase productivity.
"The Climate Corporation", United States based digital agriculture company that examines weather,
soil and field data to help farmers determine potential yield-limiting factors in their fields.
"JALA", Indonesia based company that examines Water quality, Shrimp disease outbreaks, Extreme
weather changes in shrimp farms.
2. Home Automation
 IoT-enabled home automation is the ability to control and monitor a wide range of devices and
systems from a single, centralized location, such as a smartphone or tablet. This includes
controlling everything from lighting and temperature control to security cameras and alarm
systems, even when away from home.
"Canary", is a New York-based startup specialized in Home Security systems. They also have their
own product, Canary Pro security camera, which have a Camera, Siren, and Air Monitor together in
a single set-up.
"August Home", is a San Francisco based startup, bring Smart Locks as the innovative product range
that is dedicated to the security and technological advancements of smart lock systems. Apart from
their signature smart locks, they have doorbell cameras and other accessories.
3. Waste Management
 IoT-enabled smart waste sensors enabling cities to optimize waste collection, reduce the
number of overflowing bins, and manage resources. Ultrasonic and proximity-based sensors can
alert garbage collection trucks about garbage bins on road and gives information about the bin.
So the driver can determine whether to stop or continue. Weight sensors on bins can also be
used to track fill levels in larger bins.
4. Medical
 Health monitoring through the Internet of Things. Such a application involves building an IoT app
and connecting it with wearable medical devices to track patient's health indicators in real-time.
Condition and status of important medical devices can also be tracked using IoT. IoT can also be
used in R&D, clinical trials, supply chains, and manufacturing.
"Boston Scientific", a Massachusetts based company, is a medical device company that develops,
manufactures, and markets devices used in a range of interventional medical procedures. The
company’s RPM system, Latitude NXT, allows health care professionals (HCPs) to remotely monitor
patients’ cardiac health and implanted device data.
"GE Healthcare", a Chicago based company, uses IoT technology like remote patient monitoring
(RPM) and wearables, and provides services such as computerized data management, remote
diagnostics, and repair of medical equipment.
"Medtronic", a Minneapolis based company is a world’s largest independent manufacturer of
medical devices uses IoT to widespread adoption of shorter hospital stays, and home-based
healthcare.
"Philips", a Netherlands based company is offering Philips Health Suite platform that gathers and
analyzes data from various sources and devices for better diagnostics, treatment, and monitoring.
5. Transport
 IoT in transportation incorporates a wide network of embedded sensors, actuators, smart objects
and other intelligent devices to enable Efficient Traffic Management, Automated Toll and
Ticketing, Self-driving Cars, Advanced Vehicle Tracking, Enhanced Security in Transport. IoT in
transportation are growing rapidly with limitless benifits.
"Cavnue", a Virginia based company, works on creating digitalized roadway models for safer and
more affordable public transportation and highways which results in improvement in accessibility
and safety, decreasing congestion.
"Flash", a Texas based company, works on mobile-linked technology for parking lots, garages and
valet operations include touch screens and smart stations, along with cloud-run software.
"Inrix", a Washington based company, analyzes data from road sensors and vehicles to provide real-
time parking and traffic information as well as insights that are used to more safely test and deploy
self-driving cars.
"Wabtec Corporation", a Pennsylvania, is a global transportation and logistics company leveraging
its equipment, services and digital solutions in the locomotive, mining & marine industries. This
company works on real-time condition monitoring, predictive analytics and more in IoT space,
leading to the improved handling and reduced fuel consumption.
5. Industrial
 Industrial IoT is defined as a network of devices, machinery and sensors connected to each
other and to the Internet, with the purpose of collecting data and analyze it to apply this
information in continuous process improvement. One of the main IoT applications in industry is
automated management of equipment, allowing a centralized system to control and monitor all
company processes in industries. Other is Predictive maintenance which consists of detecting the
need for a machine to be maintained before a crisis takes place. Supply chain optimization &
Plant safety improvement are also the major applications of IoT in industrial space.
Simens, Germany based company, Schneider Electric, France based company, PTC, United States
based company & ABB, Switzerland based company; these companies are offering various
automation systems providing flexible solutions for automation of almost all tasks in the process
industry.
6. Smart grid
 A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to
monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying
electricity demands of end users. IoT can contribute to robust and efficient energy management
solutions like, Detection of energy spikes and equipment failure, Prevention of power outages
and Routing power to those in need faster.
Simens, Germany based company, Schneider Electric, France based company, Cisco, United States
based company & Enphase Electric, California based company; these companies offers a wide range
of solutions in smart grid space, including operations management, software services, and
substation automation, bridging the gap between the supply and demand sides.

HOW BUSINESSES BENFIT FROM INTERNET OF THINGS

Improved Operational Improved Enhanced Asset Better

Productivity Efficiency Job Customer Maintenance Safety
Satisfaction Experience
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
1. Cloud Engineer
It is one of the job roles where a person needs to establish and deploy the middleware and NoSQL
database to collect the data from the IoT devices.
2. Designer
CAD designers can help the IoT industry to better design the device such as wearables.
3. Material Specialist
People with this job role are good at understanding and finding which material should be used that
can embed a sensor in it.
4. Embedded Engineer
These engineers are responsible for developing and implementing software of the embedded
devices.
5. Network Engineer
Those who help in establishing a computing network or choosing a suitable gateway and more.
6. Data Scientist
They help in analysing the collected data using in-memory computing or batch processing and
converting it into useful information.
7. Data Visualization Expert
The task of these profiles is to present the information in a visual manner to make it more
understandable.
8. UI Engineer
These people help in designing the easy and interactive user interface of the IoT devices.
9. Data Architect
Those who design the data model. I.e., to review and analyse organization’s data infrastructure, plan
future databases, and implement solutions to store and manage data.
10. Instrument Engineers
They are responsible for handling actuators, sensors for the closed-loop system.
11. Test Engineers
Who test the functional aspects of IoT devices.
12. Programmer
Who programs the backend and integrates it with middleware and cloud databases.
13. Security related Job Roles
Who takes care about security aspect all over the network.
Top Companies Hiring IoT Professionals IoT Job Skills
ScienceSoft Embedded Systems
Oxagile Networking & Security
GE Digital Programming
Bosch IoT Sensor Company Analytics
Siemens IoT Analytics Company Communication Protocol
Cisco UI/UX Design
Huawei Cloud Computing
SAP Edge Computing
IBM Soft Skills
ARM IoT Security Company Basic Electronics
CHALLENGES
1. Scalability
2. Interoperability
3. Dependency on Internet
4. Security And Personal Privacy
5. Design Based Challenge
6. Brute forcing and the risk of default passwords
7. Battery life
8. Connectivity
9. Cross platform capability
10. Data collection and processing
11. Lack of skill set
12. Customer expectations & Customer level understanding over the deployed hardware.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Privacy issues
 There is always the possibility of hackers breaking into the system and stealing the data.
Sometimes staying connected and sharing every detail of our life activity may not be a good
things. There is every possibility of misusing your information.
2. Too much Dependency on technology and electronic gadgets
 The younger generation has grown up with readily available things. The internet and technology
making them so non-brainy. A simple math calculation of adding and subtracting is done through
a calculator readily available on our phones. The more we entrust and dependent on the Internet,
there are more chances of a potentially grievous event if we lose it.
3. Becoming Indolent
 People are more habituated to have click-based work making them lazy to any sort of physical
activity, applied science in their daily routine.
4. Unemployment
 People at lower levels like unskilled labor may have high risks of losing their jobs. Security
Guards, House Servants, Iron & Dry wash services, etc. may not have proper employment
opportunities as the IoT devices replace their work.
UNIT - 1 [ 10 Periods ]
Introduction to Internet of Things(loT):
Concepts and Definitions of IoT, loT Data vs BigData, loT Analytics - Life Cycle and
Techniques/Types, IoT Complete Technology Chain, Applications of loT, Opportunities and
Challenges in loT.
Introduction to Cloud Computing:
Cloud Services Models, Cloud Deployment Models, Need of Cloud Computing for IoT, Fog
Computing Vs Cloud Computing for loT.

SUBJECT CODE - CO 314 (EL01)

CLASS DETAILS - IOT V SEM - AUGUST 2023
FACULTY DETAILS - PRUDHVI KIRAN P, Asst. Prof., CSE (IOT), RVR&JC College of Engineering
1.2. Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing = Distribution of Computing Resources over the Internet as a Service.
These computing services are provided by what we commonly know as the cloud providers like
Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and so on. Thus, the cloud provider is providing and
managing the resources rather than the end user. These resources can range from web-based
software programs to third-party data storage units.
Different types of clouds are available to us, such as public, private, hybrid, etc. There are different
cloud computing models like IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, etc.
TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN DISTRIBUTION OF COMPUTING RESOURCES AS A SERVICE
Client-Server Distributed Cloud
Architecture Computing Computing
Model Model Model
(CAN WORK WITHOUT INTERNET) (INTERNET)
THEN NOW
Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2002 and Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service was
launched by Amazon in 2006. Following that, Google began offering Cloud Computing Enterprise Applications in
2009. Microsoft launched Microsoft Azure in 2009, followed by the introduction of cloud services from Alibaba,
IBM, Oracle, and HP.
 4 CHARACTERSTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Acquiring resources as you go: High Scalability:

Users of cloud computing services can deploy, IT resources for cloud computing services can
monitor, and manage computing resources as expand and contract swiftly and according to
necessary on the go. demand.

Statistics generation: Resource pooling:

Each occupant's resource usage is monitored, The available IT resources, such as networks,
giving both the user and the resource supplier servers, storage, applications, and services, are
an account of what has been consumed, that shared among numerous applications, i.e. from
helps in effective resource management and the same physical resource, services are given
billing oversight. to numerous clients.
1.2.1. Cloud Service Models
Based on the type of service provided, below are the 3 types of cloud service models. You can
access all three models via an Internet browser or online apps available on different devices.
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Gmail, Slack,
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) SaaS Office 365,

HIGH
(USE) Zoom, etc.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS) (END USERS)

MS Azure, Google Cloud

PaaS Engine, Oracle Cloud
(BUILD) (SOFTWARE
DEVELOPERS)

In the above mentioned three cloud

service models, whatever the first IaaS
(MOVE)
IBM Cloud, Rackspace,
Linode, Cisco Metacloud.
letter stands for, that’s what’s (NETWORK ARCHITECTS &
available to anyone, anywhere with Awareness of IT ADMINISTRATORS)
LOW

an Internet connection. Technology to

End Users
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a specific kind of cloud computing service that provides
Computation, Storage, and Networking resources (the backend IT infrastructure for running
applications in the cloud.) over the internet on demand, for your application and for all this
you can pay on a go basis.
 IaaS is attractive because acquiring computing resources to run applications or store data the
traditional way requires time and capital. Organizations must purchase equipment through
procurement processes that can take months. They must invest in physical spaces, typically
specialized rooms with power and cooling. And after deploying the systems, they need IT
professionals to manage and maintain them. All this is challenging to scale when demand spikes
or business grows. You run the risk of running out of capacity or overbuilding and paying for
infrastructure that you never use. IaaS helps eliminate much of the complexity and costs
associated with building and maintaining physical infrastructure in an on-premises data center.
 As per the requirement, you can rent access to cloud infrastructure resources as individual
services from a cloud service provider (CSP), including servers, virtual machines, networking
resources, and storage. The CSP is responsible for managing and maintaining the infrastructure,
so you can concentrate on installing, configuring, and managing software and keeping your
data secure.
Things to Consider While Choosing an IaaS Provider
Security
 Security should always be given priority while selecting a service provider. Always check whether
the service provider has a solid track record and the means to stop and handle any security
threats. Do there exist some established catastrophe recovery protocols that guarantee
business continuity?
Flexibility
 The second point is how much flexibility and control the user has over the service components.
The user should easily be able to scale in and scale out the resources as per the business
requirements.
Reliability
 Reliability is also an important factor that must be kept in mind. Performance and speed are
primarily provider-dependent.
Service Level Agreements (SLA)
A service-level agreement (SLA) is mandatory between the service provider and customer. It
outlines the degree of service that a client expects from a service provider, the metrics used to
measure that performance, and any penalties that may be imposed if the agreed-upon service
standards are not fulfilled.
Advantages and Disadvantages of IaaS
Advantages
 We can Avoid the costs & maintenance of on-premises data centers
 Obtain real-time business insights by moving the organization's infrastructure to an IaaS service.
 IaaS solutions provide the freedom to adjust the number of IT resources according to demand.
 One needs to pay for a specific resource for as long as one really uses it because each resource
in an IaaS architecture is provided as a separate service component.
Disadvantages
 Security risks, Although infrastructure is secured by IaaS providers, businesses are still in charge
of everything they host.
 Complex Integration, Sometimes, it becomes difficult to integrate the IaaS service with the
existing system/application.
 Cost Overruns, may be more than anticipated.
Major IaaS Vendors
1. Amazon EC2 4. MicroHost Cloud
2. DigitalOcean 5. Linode
3. Azure Virtual Machines 6. Compute Engine
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing concept that allows customers to access
hardware and software capabilities via the internet from a third-party supplier. These
resources are frequently required for application development. A PaaS provider hosts hardware
and software on its network. Because of PaaS, there is no need for developers to set up on-
premise hardware and software to create or execute new applications. I.e. PaaS, or platform as a
service is a flexible, scalable cloud platform that offers on-demand access to a complete,
ready-to-use, cloud-hosted platform for developing, running, maintaining and managing
applications.
 PaaS provides a development environment that is web browser based. The developer can use
point-and-click tools or an Application Programming Interface (API) to construct databases and
change application code.
Purpose-built PaaS Types
For developing particular types of applications or apps that connect with specific types of
hardware, software, or devices, many suppliers provide PaaS solutions of the following types:
 AIPaaS
PaaS for Artificial Intelligence enables creating artificial intelligence (AI) based applications by
providing ready-made APIs for integrating specific AI capabilities into current or new applications.
 cPaaS
Communications Platform as a Service enables developers to quickly add voice (inbound and
outbound calls), video (including teleconferencing), and messaging (text and social media) features
to their applications without spending money on specialized communications hardware and
software.
 mPaaS
Mobile platform as a Service, makes it easier to design mobile applications. For accessing device-
specific elements like the phone's camera, microphone, motion sensor, and geolocation (or GPS)
capabilities, mPaaS often offers low-code (even basic drag-and-drop) approaches.
 Open PaaS
Open PaaS is a cost-free, open-source, business-focused collaboration platform that is appealing on
all devices. It offers useful web apps like calendars, contacts, and mail clients. Users of Open PaaS
can launch new applications rapidly because of its design.
 Like IaaS, PaaS includes infrastructure - servers, storage, and networking - but also middleware,
development tools, and more.
 PaaS is designed to support the complete web application lifecycle: building, testing,
deploying, managing, and updating.
Things to Consider While Choosing an PaaS Provider
Identifying the requirements
 Before moving to a PaaS model, one should identify precisely what a PaaS model needs to do
for a business and how implementing an appropriate PaaS would be more advantageous to
the company than using conventional local toolsets.
Study check the provider
 Choosing a PaaS provider is essential as the provider will act as your business partner for the
next 5-10 years. Learning about the provider's staffing, business history and model, leadership
team, service support, and PaaS roadmap is important.
Advantages and Disadvantages of PaaS
Advantages
 Simplicity, Convenience and Enterprises can avoid the capital costs that typically incur for on-
premises infrastructure and software
 These platforms give developers access to computation and storage infrastructures as well as
text editing, version control, compiling, and testing services that facilitate the speedy and
effective development of new software.
 PaaS product can make it possible for development teams to cooperate and work together no
matter where they are physically located.
Disadvantages
 Service availability or resilience issues (the capacity to withstand or to recover quickly from
difficulties).
 Vendor lock-in is a problem because consumers find it challenging to move various services and
data from one PaaS platform to other PaaS platform.

Major PaaS Vendors

1. AWS Elastic Beanstalk
2. Engine Yard
3. Google Cloud
4. Heroku
5. IBM Cloud
6. Oracle Cloud Platform (OCP)
3. Software as a Service (PaaS)
 Software as a Service (SaaS) is a software distribution paradigm where a cloud provider hosts
the applications and makes them accessible online to customers over the Internet. SaaS
applications run on the servers of a SaaS provider. Salesforce, Netflix, and Zoom are some
common examples of SaaS applications.
 Each user of the SaaS service is served using the same single instance of the SaaS application
that is deployed on the host servers. Clients are also known as tenants in the cloud computing
model. The strategy employed by SaaS applications is called the multi-tenant strategy. All the
tenants use the same version of the SaaS application. It is important to note that even though all
the tenants will be using the same version of the SaaS application, their data will still be
appropriately segregated and stored at separate locations.
 The main advantage of using the multi-tenant architecture is that the cloud service provider can
easily maintain, upgrade and fix the problems associated with the deployed application version.
 The following are some of the key characteristics of the SaaS cloud computing model;
Automated Provisioning, Multi-tenancy Model, High Availability, Subscription-based Billing, Data
Security.
Advantages and Disadvantages of SaaS
Advantages
 No longer need to run applications on companie's local systems/servers or in their local data
centers.
 Using the SaaS model saves the cost of purchasing procurement and maintenance of the
hardware devices.
 SaaS services can readily interface with other software through common APIs.
Disadvantages
 There is not much control of the user on the service.
 May experience higher latency caused by accessing data remotely
Major SaaS Vendors
1. Salesforce
2. Microsoft Office 365
3. Google Workspace Apps (GSuite)
4. Netflix
5. Slack
6. Shopify
IaaS PaaS SaaS
1.2.2. Cloud Deployment Models
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on various
parameters such as access, scale, cloud's nature, and purpose. The location of the servers which
you use and control over them depends on the cloud deployment model. It helps to design your
cloud infrastructure. In order to make the most optimal use of a particular cloud deployment type,
you must understand what each deployment model can do, its characteristics, and its advantages
and disadvantages.
1. Public Cloud
 As the name suggests, the public cloud is for all. Public cloud allows systems and services to be
easily accessible by the general public through www (Internet). Due to the vast openness to
the general public, the cloud may be considered as less secure. This type of deployment model
is perfect for organizations with growing and fluctuating demands and also for organizations that
are not much concerned about security.
 In this deployment model, you pay for services, networking, virtualization, and storage that are
available on the public internet, with pay-as-you-go invoicing options. This model is also
successful in development and testing environments because its configuration and deployment
are very quick and easy.
Public Cloud CSPs Examples
Examples include Microsoft, Google App Engine, IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Amazon elastic
compute cloud (EC2), and Windows Azure Services Platform.
Advantages
• Highly available anytime and anywhere, with robust permission and authentication mechanism.
• Does not have any limit on the number of users. And it does not cost you any maintenance
charges as the service provider does it.
Disadvantages
• It has lots of issues related to security.
• Privacy and organizational autonomy are not possible.
• You don’t control the systems hosting your business applications.

USER 1
IaaS
USER 2

USER 3 PaaS
SaaS
USER n

PUBLIC CLOUD MODEL

2. Private Cloud
 The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud deployment
model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no need to share
your hardware with anyone else.
 Companies look for greater control over data, resources, will find private clouds a more suitable
choice. These clouds are integrated with the company's data center and managed by the
company's IT team (On-premise private cloud) and alternatively, the cloud can also be hosted
externally (Outsourced private cloud).
 Private cloud offers bigger resources and specifications along with customization to meet
organizational requirements. It also becomes a good choice for frequently changing
requirements.
Private Cloud CSPs Examples
Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE), VMware, Dell Technologies, Oracle, IBM, Red Hat, Microsoft,
Cisco.
Advantages
• Private cloud provides data privacy, only authorized personnel gets access.
• Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows customization. This allows a company
to meet specific needs.
Disadvantages
• It has a higher cost. Here the investment will be larger than public cloud. Along with the high
cost of hardware and software, one needs to pay for staff and training as well.
• It has predefined scalability. Chosen hardware will only allow scaling in a certain direction.
• Maintenance cost is also high since it is managed in-house.

IaaS

USER 1 PaaS
SaaS

PRIVATE CLOUD MODEL

3. Hybrid Cloud
 A hybrid cloud is created by merging the resources of the public cloud and the private cloud.
For the same reasons, it is also known as heterogeneous clouds.
 The inability of private deployments to scale on demand and effectively handle peak loads is a
significant disadvantage. Thus public clouds are required in such cases. As a result, a hybrid
cloud utilizes the functionality of both public and private clouds.
 Let’s understand this hybrid need with an example, a company with critical data will prefer
storing sensitive data on a private cloud while less sensitive on the public cloud. So hybrid
deployment model is the best solution.
 The hybrid cloud is also used in ‘cloud bursting’ in which organizations running an application on
a private cloud can burst into the public cloud in case of heavy load.
Private Cloud CSPs Examples
IBM, VMware, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, Alibaba.
Advantages
• It is cost-effective. The overall cost of the hybrid model decreases since it uses the public cloud
to store data.
• The chances of data theft and other attacks are reduced because data is properly segmented.
Disadvantages
• It is complex to set up a hybrid cloud since it is an integration of two or more cloud
architectures.
• Lack of control is also an issue here.
• The model is more suitable for organizations that have multiple use cases and requirements to
store data different
PUBLIC CLOUD PRIVATE CLOUD
CLOUD
BURSTING
IaaS IaaS
OTHER USERS PaaS PaaS
SaaS SaaS

USER 1

HYBRID CLOUD MODEL

4. Community Cloud
 Community cloud operates in a way similar to the public cloud. The only difference is that the
community cloud allows access only to a specific set of users (industry, community, or business
sector) who share a common objective and use case.
 Community clouds are distributed systems built by combining the capabilities of many clouds
to cater to the unique requirements of a particular industry, community, or business sector.
Companies that share concerns or tasks in a community cloud pool their infrastructure
resources. One of the involved companies or a third party may control the cloud.
 Organizations that desire a collaborative cloud with greater security features than the public
cloud should use a community cloud. Here we may share cloud resources, infrastructure, and
other capabilities between different enterprises.
Private Cloud CSPs Examples
KodeKloud, DevEx, AWS Fundamentals, Cloud Foundry, GS Tech Community, F5 DevCentral
Advantages
• Community cloud is economical because many different businesses/communities share the
same cloud.
• Security-wise, it surpasses that of the public cloud.
Disadvantages
• There are shared resources that restrict bandwidth and storage capacity.
• It is a recently introduced model and is not much popular.

IaaS

SaaS PaaS
USER 1 USER 2 USER 3

COMMUNITY CLOUD MODEL

 CHART OF COMPARISION

PARAMETER PUBLIC PRIVATE HYBRID COMMUNITY

Data Security and Low High High Very High

Privacy

Setup and ease of Easy Professional IT team Professional IT team Professional IT team
use required. required. required.

Scalability and High High High Fixed requirements

flexibility

Cheaper than
private but more Cost is distributed
Cost-Effectiveness Most affordable Most expensive expensive than among members
public

Reliability Low High High Higher

1.2.3. Need of Cloud Computing for IoT
 One component that helps in improving the
success ratio of the Internet of Things is Cloud
Computing.
 The Internet of Things & Cloud Computing are Iaas, Saas, Paas
related as Cloud computing enables users to CLOUD
perform computing tasks using services
provided over the Internet. I.e. Cloud
computing providing the groundwork for the
success of IoT. Thus, IoT and cloud computing
are now two booming internet technologies that
are closely linked.
USER/CLIENT
 The Internet of Things (sensors, machines, and IOT DEVICES DEVICES
devices) generates a huge amount of data per Cloud IoT is a technology architecture that connects IoT
second. Cloud computing helps in storing and devices to servers housed in cloud data centers. This enables
real-time data analytics, allowing better, information-driven
analyzing this data to provide the maximum decision making, optimization, and risk mitigation. Cloud IoT
benefits of an IoT infrastructure. also simplifies management of connected devices at-scale.
 To create high visibility and control, IoT solutions should connect and allow communication
between things and processes with people through cloud computing.
 There are three types of cloud computing models for different types of connected environment
that are being commonly offered by cloud service providers. That are, Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) & Software as a Service (SaaS). These services can be deployed
in various deployment models; Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud and Enterprise Cloud.
 Apart from these, cloud service providers are now offering IoT as a Service (IoTaaS) that has been
reducing the hardware and software development efforts in IoT deployment.
Cloud computing offers many advantages for IoT applications, such as scalability, flexibility, cost-
effectiveness, security, improved performance, storage capacities, processing capabilities, reduced
costs.
1. Scalability
Scalability means that cloud services can handle large amounts of data from many devices and adjust
to changing demands.
2. Flexibility
Flexibility means that cloud services can support different types of data and devices and provide
various options for data management and analysis.
3. Cost-effectiveness
Cost-effectiveness means that cloud services can reduce the need for investing in hardware, software,
and maintenance.
4. Security
Security means that cloud services can provide encryption, authentication, and backup for data
protection and privacy.
5. Improved performance
The communication between IoT sensors and data processing systems is faster and easier. This is
the major factor for IoT.
6. Storage capacities
Highly scalable and unlimited storage space is able to integrate, aggregate and share an enormous
amount of data.
7. Processing capabilities
Remote data centers provide unlimited virtual processing capabilities on-demand with flexible pay.
8. Reduced costs
License fees are lower than the cost of the on-premise equipment and its continuous maintenance.
Challenges of Cloud for IoT
High latency
IoT apps demand very low latency, but the cloud can’t guarantee it because of the distance between
client devices and data processing centers.
Downtime
Technical issues and interruptions in networks may occur for any reason and make customers suffer
from an outage; many companies use multiple connection channels with automated failover to avoid
problems.
Security and privacy
Your private data is transferred through globally connected channels alongside thousands of
gigabytes of other users information; no surprise that the system is vulnerable to cyberattacks or
data loss; the problem can be partially solved with the help of hybrid or private clouds.
Reliability
The availability and consistency of cloud services, which can be affected by network failures, outages,
or disruptions.
Interoperability
The ability of different cloud services and IoT devices to communicate and work together, which can
be hindered by incompatible standards, protocols, or formats.
Best practices of Cloud Computing for IoT
To use cloud computing for IoT data storage and processing effectively and efficiently, there are
some best practices that should be followed.
1. First, you should define the requirements and objectives of the IoT project, such as the type,
volume, and frequency of data, the expected outcomes and insights, and the budget and timeline.
2. Then, you should choose the appropriate cloud computing model, architecture, and platform
based on the requirements and objectives, as well as the trade-offs and benefits of each option.
3. Additionally, it is essential to implement security measures and policies for the IoT project to
protect the data and devices from unauthorized access, theft, or damage.
4. Finally, you should monitor and optimize the performance and efficiency of the IoT project to
ensure that the cloud computing services are meeting expectations.
Example of implementing cloud computing based IoT application in a connected-factory:
 There are different sensors installed at various locations of an industrial plant, which are
continuously gathering the data from machines and devices.
 That data is analysed in real time with proper analytics tools so that the faults and failures can be
resolved in minimal time, which is the core purpose of an industrial IoT ecosystem.
 Cloud computing helps by storing all the data from thousands of sensors (IoT) and applying the
needed rule engines and analytics algorithms to provide the expected outcomes of those data
points.
 Some of the cloud platforms also come with inbuilt capabilities like machine learning, business
intelligence tools, and SQL query engines to perform complex analytics.

Top 7 IoT Cloud Platforms

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT Platform 4. Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
2. Microsoft Azure IoT 5. ThingsBoard Open-Source IoT Platform
3. Google IoT 6. Oracle IoT Intelligent Applications
4. IBM Watson IoT
IoT Cloud Architecture

PaaS

SaaS IaaS
IoT Cloud Architecture
PaaS

SaaS IaaS
1.2.4. Fog Computing Vs Cloud Computing for IoT
Fog computing is a computing architecture in which a series of nodes receives data from IoT
devices in real time. These nodes perform real-time processing of the data that they receive, with
millisecond response time and perform the appropriate action. Also these fog nodes periodically
send raw information/analytical summary information to the cloud.
 Fog computing is a computing infrastructure in which data, compute, storage and applications are
located somewhere between the data source and the cloud.
 Fog computing brings the advantages and power of the cloud closer to where data is created and
acted upon. I.e. Fog brings the intelligence and processing closer to where the data is created.
This is often done to improve efficiency, though it might also be done for security and compliance
reasons.
 Fog networking complements -- doesn't replace -- cloud computing; fogging enables short-term
analytics at the edge, while the cloud performs resource-intensive, longer-term analytics.
 Although edge devices and sensors are where data is generated and collected, they sometimes
don't have the compute and storage resources to perform advanced analytics and machine
learning tasks. Though cloud servers have the power to do this, they are often too far away to
process the data and respond in a timely manner.
 In addition, having all endpoints connecting to and sending raw data to the cloud over the internet
can have privacy, security and legal implications.
In 2015, Cisco partnered with Microsoft, Dell, Intel, Arm and Princeton University to form the
OpenFog Consortium. Other organizations, including General Electric (GE), Foxconn and Hitachi, also
contributed to this consortium. The consortium's primary goals were to both promote and
standardize fog computing.
 The Fog Computing architecture requires more than just computing capabilities. It requires high-
speed connectivity between IoT devices and nodes, as the goal is to be able to process data in a
matter of milliseconds.
 The connectivity options vary by use case. An IoT sensor on a factory floor, for example, can likely
use a wired connection. However, a mobile resource, such as an autonomous vehicle, or an
isolated resource, such as a wind turbine in the middle of a field, will require an alternate form of
connectivity. 5G is an especially compelling option because it provides the high-speed
connectivity that is required for data to be analysed in near-real time.
FOG COMPUTING FOR IOT CLOUD COMPUTING FOR IOT
FOG COMPUTING FOR IOT CLOUD COMPUTING FOR IOT
Fog Computing offers many advantages for IoT applications, such as Reduced latency, Improved
security and privacy and Increased scalability
1. Reduced Latency
By processing data at or near the edge of the network, fog computing can help reduce latency and
offers immediate processing, in milli seconds.
2. Improved Security and Privacy
By keeping data and applications closer to the user, fog computing can help improve security and
privacy.
3. Increased Scalability
Fog computing can help increase scalability as more resources may be added at the edge of the
network.
Challenges of Fog for IoT
Limited Resources
Because fog computing relies on devices at the edge of the network, there may be limited resources
available. This can impact performance.
Limited Coverage
Because fog computing is still a relatively new technology, there may be limited coverage in terms of
devices and locations that support it
 UNDERSTANDING FOG COMPUTING AND EDGE COMPUTING
 Fog concentrates on the edge of the network, so, sometimes it may also referred to edge
computing. But in fact both are having some thin line differences.
 Fog computing and edge computing share a lot of similarities. Essentially, both are enablers of
data traffic to the cloud.
 Edge computing happens where data is being generated, right at “the edge” of a given
application’s network.
 This means that an edge computer connects to the sensors and controllers of a given device and
then sends data to the cloud. However, this traffic of data can be massive and inefficient.
 Irrelevant data might be sent to the cloud in addition to the useful information that’s actually
needed.
 Unfortunately, even the cloud has its limits in terms of capacity, security, and efficiency when
connected directly to edge devices.
 Here comes the necessity of fog computing; fog computing acts as a mediator between the edge
and the cloud for various purposes, such as data filtering.
 In the end, fog computing can’t replace edge computing, but edge computing can live without
fog computing in many applications.
CLOUD LAYER

FOG LAYER

EDGE LAYER
UNIT - 1 [ 10 Periods ]
Introduction to Internet of Things(loT):
Concepts and Definitions of IoT, loT Data vs BigData, loT Analytics - Life Cycle and
Techniques/Types, IoT Complete Technology Chain, Applications of loT, Opportunities and
Challenges in loT.
Introduction to Cloud Computing:
Cloud Services Models, Cloud Deployment Models, Need of Cloud Computing for IoT, Fog
Computing Vs Cloud Computing for loT.

END OF UNIT 1

SUBJECT CODE - CO 314 (EL01)

CLASS DETAILS - IOT V SEM - AUGUST 2023
FACULTY DETAILS - PRUDHVI KIRAN P, Asst. Prof., CSE (IOT), RVR&JC College of Engineering