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Lecture 1

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Lecture 1

Uploaded by

ahmedmangi543
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Chapter No 1 –

Lecture #01

•TE-256
•Computer Communication
& Networking

Compiled By:
Imran Khan
Dawood University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Telecommunication Engineering [email protected]
Introduction to Data
communication and
Networking
Communications Model
Data Communications Model
Data Communications Model
• Source. This device generates the data to be transmitted; examples are telephones
and personal computers.
• Transmitter: Usually, the data generated by a source system are not transmitted
directly in the form in which they were generated. Rather, a transmitter transforms
and encodes the information in such a way as to produce electromagnetic signals
that can be transmitted across some sort of transmission system. For example, a
modem takes a digital bit stream from an attached device such as a personal
computer and transforms that bit stream into an analog signal that can be handled
by the telephone network.
• Transmission system: This can be a single transmission line or a complex
network connecting source and destination.
Data Communications Model
• Receiver: The receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and
converts it into a form that can be handled by the destination device. For example,
a modem will accept an analog signal coming from a network or transmission line
and convert it into a digital bit stream.
• Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver.
Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing
Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting


Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management


Flow control
Communications Tasks
1.Transmission system utilization: Efficiently using the available
resources of the communication system to transmit data.
2.Addressing: Assigning unique identifiers to data packets to ensure
they reach the correct destination.
3.Interfacing: Connecting different devices or systems to enable
communication between them.
4.Routing: Determining the best path for data packets to travel from the
sender to the receiver across a network.
Communications Tasks
5. Signal generation: Creating electronic signals that carry information
over the communication channel.
6. Recovery: Restoring lost or corrupted data to ensure the integrity of
the transmitted information.
7. Synchronization: Aligning the timing of data transmission and
reception between sender and receiver.
8. Message formatting: Structuring data into a standardized format for
transmission and interpretation.
9. Exchange management: Coordinating the exchange of information
between communicating parties.
Communications Tasks
10. Security: Protecting data from unauthorized access, manipulation,
or interception during transmission.
11. Error detection and correction: Identifying and fixing errors in
transmitted data to maintain data integrity.
12. Network management: Monitoring and controlling the operation of
a network to ensure its efficient functioning.
13. Flow control: Regulating the rate of data transmission to prevent
overload or congestion in the network.
Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously.

Voic Data
e

Image Video
The Internet
 Internet evolved from ARPANET
 A pioneering network funded by the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA, now DARPA). ARPANET was established in the late 1960s and
served as the precursor to the modern internet.
 Developed to solve the dilemma of communicating across arbitrary, multiple,
packet-switched network
 Packet switching is a method of transmitting data in which messages are broken into
smaller packets, sent individually, and reassembled at the destination.
 TCP/IP provides the foundation
 The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) emerged as the
foundational protocol suite for networking on the internet. TCP/IP provides the set of
rules for how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received on
the internet.
Internet Architecture
Figure illustrates the key
elements that comprise the
Internet. The purpose of
the Internet, of course, is to
interconnect end systems,
called hosts; these include
PCs, workstations, servers,
mainframes, and so on.
Most hosts that use the
Internet are connected to a
network, such as a local
area network (LAN) or a
wide area network (WAN).
Internet
Services
Short Break

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