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coordination, control and

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Homeostasis
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 Overview: Animal coordination, control and homeostasis

Hormonal coordination in humans

• Human endocrine system
• Role of adrenalin in fight or flight response
(HT)
• Control of metabolic rate (HT only)
• Menstrual cycle
• Hormones in human reproduction (HT only)
• Contraception
• The use of hormones in ART (HT only)
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis in humans
• Thermoregulation (biology only)
• Control of blood glucose
• Osmoregulation and control of water and
nitrogen balance (biology only)
• Kidney dialysis and organ donation
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Hormonal control in
humans
Part 1
Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 1 - Human endocrine system

The endocrine
system is composed
of glands which
secrete chemicals
called hormones
directly into the
bloodstream.

The blood carries the hormone to

a target organ where it produces
an effect.

Compared to the nervous system

the effects of the endocrine
system are slower but act for
longer.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 1 - Human endocrine system

The pituitary gland in the brain is often called a ‘master gland’ as it

it produces and secretes many hormones into the blood.
The hormones are released in response to changes in body
conditions.
These hormones released act on other glands to stimulate other
hormones to be released to bring about effects that regulate the
body.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 1 – Human endocrine system (Higher tier)

Hormones released by the pituitary gland

Hormone Target Effect
Anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH) Kidney Controls water levels in the blood

Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete

hormone (TSH) Thyroid thyroxine
Luteinising Stimulates egg release and
hormone (LH) Ovaries progesterone production in the ovaries
Follicle-stimulating Stimulates egg ripening and oestrogen
hormone (FSH) Ovaries production (in ovaries)

Prolactin (PRL) Breasts Stimulates the breasts to produce milk

Growth hormone All cells in the

(GH) body Stimulates growth and repair
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 1 - Human endocrine system (Higher tier)

The adrenal glands produce and secrete the hormone adrenaline to

prepare the body for fight or flight.
Adrenaline does this by:
• Binding to receptors on the cardiac (heart) muscle to increase the
rate and force of contraction. Heart rate and blood pressure go up.
• If heart rate increases then blood flow increases so muscle cells
receive more glucose and oxygen for increased respiration.
• Adrenaline stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen to
increase the level of blood glucose for cells to use for respiration.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 1 - Human endocrine system

Thyroid:

The thyroid gland produces and secretes the hormone thyroxine.

Thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate; this is the rate at which
energy is released in the body.
Thyroxine also regulates breathing, heart rate, and body
temperature.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 1 - Human endocrine system (Higher tier)

TRH stands for

thyrotropin Low levels of thyroxine detected in the blood
releasing
The hypothalamus in the brain releases TRH into the blood
hormone.

TRH acts upon the pituitary gland

Pituitary gland releases TSH into the blood
TSH stands for
thyroid
stimulating TSH acts upon the thyroid gland
hormone. Thyroxine is released

Normal levels of thyroxine inhibit the release of TRH

and production of TSH. This is called negative feedback.

Thyroxine controls metabolic rate. Negative feedback keeps the amount of thyroxine in the
blood roughly the same. It acts like a thermostat in a room controlling temperature.
QuestionIT!
Hormonal coordination
in humans
Part 1
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 1
- Question IT
1. What is the endocrine system composed of?
2. What is a hormone?
3. How are hormones carried around the body?
4. Which acts faster, the nervous system or the endocrine system?
5. Where is the pituitary gland?
6. What is the role of the pituitary gland?
7. Name the hormones that the pancreas releases.
8. Where is thyroxine produced?
9. What is the role of thyroxine?

Higher tier

10. Name the hormones released by the pituitary gland.

11. Where is adrenaline produced?
12. What does adrenaline prepare the body to do?
13. What effect does adrenaline have on the heart?
AnswerIT!
Homeostasis
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 1
AnswerIT
1. What is the endocrine system composed of? Glands
2. What is a hormone? A chemical that is released from a gland in response
to a change
3. How are hormones carried around the body? In the bloodstream
4. Which acts faster, the nervous system or the endocrine system? The
nervous system
5. Where is the pituitary gland? In the brain
6. What is the role of the pituitary gland? It secretes many hormones in
response to changes in body conditions
7. Name the hormones that the pancreas releases. Insulin and glucagon
8. Where is thyroxine produced? Thyroid gland in neck
9. What is the role of thyroxine? It regulates the metabolic rate, this is the
rate at which energy is released in the body.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 3
- Answer IT
Higher tier
10. Name the hormones released by the pituitary gland. Anti diuretic,
thyroid, luteinising, follicle stimulating, prolactin and growth
hormone
11. Where is adrenaline produced? Adrenal glands
12. What does adrenaline prepare the body to do? To prepare the body
for rapid activity.
13. What effect does adrenaline have on the heart? Increases
frequency of contraction and force of contraction.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Hormonal coordination
in humans
Part 2
• Hormones in human
reproduction
• Contraception
• The use of hormones to treat
infertility (HT only)
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Menstrual cycle

FEMALE: The ovaries produce and secrete the hormones

oestrogen and progesterone.
Oestrogen is released by the ovaries and causes the lining of the
uterus to thicken and a high level causes the release of another
hormone from the pituitary gland which causes the egg to be
released.
Progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus during the
menstrual cycle.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle lasts 28 days: It is the reproductive cycle in
women and is brought about by hormones. Oestrogen is the main
female reproductive hormone. At puberty, eggs begin to mature and
one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation
and it occurs half way through the cycle.
Hormone Produced in... Causes...
FSH Pituitary Stimulates egg ripening and oestrogen
Follicle stimulating
hormone Gland production (in ovaries)

Lining of the womb to develop. Stimulates

Oestrogen Ovaries pituitary gland to make LH

LH Pituitary Stimulates egg release and progesterone

Luteinising hormone Gland production in the ovaries

Progesterone Ovaries Maintains the lining of the womb

 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Menstrual cycle
This shows the monthly
menstrual cycle for a An egg is released on day 14
non-pregnant woman. If the woman
1. LH 1 became
2. FSH pregnant-the
4 level of
3. Oestrogen
4. Progesterone 3 progesterone
would stay high.
2

Menstruation Lining of the Lining of the uterus is Lining breaks

uterus builds up maintained down
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Menstrual cycle (Higher tier)

The PITUITARY GLAND

High levels of High levels of
OESTROGEN OESTROGEN
RELEASES FSH
stimulate the inhibit the
production of LH production of FSH
(positive feedback)
(negative feedback)
FSH STIMULATES egg
RELEASES LH ripening and OESTROGEN
production (in ovaries)

LH STIMULATES egg RELEASES

release and STIMULATES PROGESTERONE High levels of
PROGESTERONE PROGESTERONE
production in the ovaries inhibit the
PROGESTERONE production of LH
The interactions of FSH, oestrogen, maintains the lining of (negative feedback)
LH and progesterone control the the uterus in preparation
menstrual cycle. for fertilised egg
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Contraception
Controlling fertility – Contraception Fertility can be controlled by a
variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception.
These include:
• The pill - oral contraceptives that contain
oestrogen to inhibit FSH production so that no
eggs develop and mature. After taking for a while
egg development and release will stop completely.
• The mini pill and injections contain progesterone.
High levels stimulate the cervix to produce a thick
mucus which stops sperm entering the uterus.
• Implant or skin patches of slow release
progesterone inhibit the maturation and release
of eggs for a number of months or years.
• Spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Contraception
Controlling fertility – Contraception Fertility can be controlled by a
variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception.
• Barrier methods such as condoms
and diaphragms prevent the
sperm reaching an egg

• The ’coil’ or other intrauterine devices

which prevent the implantation of an
embryo

• Abstaining from intercourse when an egg

may be in the oviduct

• Sterilisation or vasectomy - surgical

methods of male and female sterilisation.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Contraception
Evaluation of hormonal and barrier methods of contraception.
Hormonal methods Barrier methods
Advantages: Advantages:
More effective at preventing Can provide protection against
pregnancy. sexually transmitted diseases.
No need to think about Easily available and do not need a
contraception before a couple have doctor to prescribe them. Useful for
intercourse. people who may not be able to take
contraceptives because of side effects.

Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
Some women suffer side effects Less reliable method of contraception.
from taking hormones e.g. head
aches or mood changes.

Hormone contraceptives do not Need to think ahead before

protect the couple from sexually intercourse in order to purchase
transmitted diseases. condoms etc.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Fertility treatment (ART) Higher tier
Some women find it difficult to get pregnant so they need to undergo
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) fertility treatment.
If a woman has naturally low levels of
FSH and LH she can undergo clomifene
therapy.
Clomifene is a drug which stimulates
the release of FSH and LH by the body.
These can be in tablet form or
injection form.
• FSH stimulates the maturation of
the eggs
• LH stimulates the release of the
egg
She may then become
pregnant in the normal way.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Fertility (ART) Higher tier
If she still cannot get pregnant after using the fertility drugs then IVF
treatment may work.

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment.

• IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the
maturation of several eggs.
• The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm
from the father in the laboratory.
• The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
• At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos
are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 2 – Fertility (ART) Higher tier
Although fertility treatment gives a woman the chance to have a
baby of her own:
• It is very emotionally and physically
stressful; the success rates are not
very high.

• Increases the risk of complications in

pregnancy and childbirth, and may
lead to premature or underweight
babies.

• It can lead to multiple births which

are a risk to both the babies and the
mother.
QuestionIT!
Hormonal coordination
in humans
Part 2
• Hormones in human reproduction
• Contraception
• The use of hormones to treat
infertility (HT only)
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 2
- Question IT
1. What is the name of the two main female reproductive hormones?
2. Where are these two female hormones made?
3. What is the menstrual cycle and how long is it?
4. What are the roles of the two main female hormones in the menstrual
cycle?
5. At what stage of the menstrual cycle is an egg released and what is this
event called?
6. Where is the egg released from?
7. Where does the egg travel to?
8. What happens to the egg if it becomes fertilised?
9. What happens to the egg if it does not become fertilised?
10. What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
11. What happens to the lining of the uterus if a woman becomes
pregnant?
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 3
- Question IT
12. What does the term contraception mean?
13. How does the contraceptive pill work?
14. How do contraceptive implants and injections work?
15. What is a spermicidal agent?
16. Name 2 barrier methods of contraception and say how they work.
17. What is the coil and how does it work?
Higher tier
18. Where is FSH released and what is its role in the menstrual cycle?
19. Where is LH released and what is its role in the menstrual cycle?
20. What do high levels of oestrogen stimulate the release of?
21. What do high levels of oestrogen inhibit the release of?
22. What do high levels of progesterone inhibit the release of?
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 2
- Question IT
23. What does ART stand for?
24. What is clomifene therapy and how does it work?
25. What is IVF?
26. Describe the IVF process.
27. Describe some issues with IVF treatment.
AnswerIT!
Hormonal coordination
in humans
Part 2
• Hormones in human reproduction
• Contraception
• The use of hormones to treat
infertility (HT only)
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 2
- Question IT
1. What is the name of the two main female reproductive hormones?
Oestrogen and progesterone
2. Where are these two female hormones made? Oestrogen – ovaries
Progesterone- empty follicle after egg has been released from it
3. What is the menstrual cycle and how long is it? It is the reproductive
cycle in women, it is brought about by hormones. It lasts around 28 days.
4. What are the roles of the two main female hormones in the menstrual
cycle? Oestrogen makes the lining of the uterus repair itself after
menstruation and stimulates the pituitary gland to make LH.
Progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus.
5. At what stage of the menstrual cycle is an egg released and what is this
event called? ? About half way through, usually day 14. Ovulation
6. Where is the egg released from? Ovary
7. Where does the egg travel to? Uterus
8. What happens to the egg if it becomes fertilised? Fertilised egg becomes
embedded in the thick uterus lining.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 2
- Answer IT
9. What happens to the egg if it does not become fertilised? Egg is
lost from the body when the lining breaks down.
10. What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation/period
11. What happens to the lining of the uterus if a woman becomes
pregnant? The lining is maintained (kept)
12. What does the term contraception mean? To prevent pregnancy
13. How does the contraceptive pill work? Contains oestrogen to
inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature.
14. How do contraceptive implants and injections work? They slowly
release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs
for a number of months or years.
15. What is a spermicidal agent? A chemical that kills sperm.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 2
- Question IT
16. Name 2 barrier methods of contraception and say how they work. The
condom; fits over the penis. The diaphragm; covers the cervix in the
female. They both and prevent sperm reaching an egg.
17. What is the coil and how does it work? It is a device that is placed in
the uterus. It stops a fertilised egg implanting in the lining.
Higher tier
18. Where is FSH released and what is its role in the menstrual cycle? The
pituitary gland; it stimulates egg ripening and oestrogen production (in
ovaries).
19. Where is LH released and what is its role in the menstrual cycle? The
pituitary gland; stimulates egg release and progesterone production in
the ovaries.
20. What do high levels of oestrogen stimulate the release of? LH
21. What do high levels of oestrogen inhibit the release of? FSH
22. What do high levels of progesterone inhibit the release of? LH
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 2
- Answer IT
23. What does ART stand for? Assisted Reproductive Technology
24. What is clomifene therapy and how does it work? Taking a drug that
contains FSH and LH. FSH stimulates the maturation of the eggs and
LH stimulates the release of the egg.
25. What is IVF? In vitro fertilisation where an egg is fertilised outside the
body in a laboratory
26. Describe the IVF process. FSH and LH are given to stimulate the
maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and
fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory. The fertilised eggs
develop into embryos. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one
or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).
27. Describe some issues with IVF treatment. It is emotionally and
physically stressful with low success rates. Increases the risk of
complications. May lead to premature or underweight babies and
multiple births.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Homeostasis
Part 3
• Homeostasis in
humans
• Thermoregulation
(biology)
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 3-Homeostasis
There are many process in the body that keep important substances
and the body temperature regulated within narrow limits.

This is called homeostasis

homeo = similar stasis = standing still

Homeostasis is the regulation In the human body,

(balance) of the internal homeostasis controls:
conditions of a cell or • blood glucose
organism to maintain optimum concentration
conditions for enzyme
• body temperature
function and all cell functions
in response to internal and • water levels.
external changes. Activity - Homeostasis
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 3 – Thermoregulation (biology only)
Human body temperature is 37oC, this is
the optimum temperature for enzymes
to work effectively.
Body temperature is monitored and
controlled by the thermoregulatory
centre (hypothalamus) in the brain.

The thermoregulatory Thermoregulatory centre

centre contains receptors
sensitive to the temperature
of the blood. The skin
contains temperature Hair
receptors and sends nervous
impulses to the Free nerve
thermoregulatory centre. endings for pain
and temperature
Surface of the skin
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 3-Thermoregulation
The skin is made up from
three layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Fatty Layer

When humans get cold the

skeletal muscles contract
rapidly and this causes Epidermis
shivering.
The muscle contractions Dermis
require energy from
respiration and some of this
is released as heat. Fat
The hair erector muscles in
the dermis also contract and
Hair follicle
this raises the hairs which
trap a layer of air close to Sweat gland
the skin which warms and
acts as an insulator.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 3-Thermoregulation(biology only)
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation

If the body temperature is too low, If the body temperature is too high,
blood vessels constrict blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and
(vasoconstriction), sweating stops sweat is produced onto the epidermis
and skeletal muscles contract from the sweat glands in the dermis.
(shiver). Both cause a transfer of energy from
Video - Temperature regulation the skin to the environment.
QuestionIT!
Homeostasis
Part 3
• Homeostasis in humans
• Control of body temperature
(biology only)
 Homeostasis – QuestionIT

1. Define homeostasis.
2. Why does homeostasis need to maintain optimal conditions?
3. List three conditions that the body needs to maintain.
4. State the optimum human body temperature.
5. What part of the brain monitors and controls temperature?
BIOLOGY ONLY:
6. Describe what happens in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
AnswerIT!
Homeostasis
Part 3
• Homeostasis in humans
• Control of body temperature
(biology only)
 Homeostasis – AnswerIT

1. Define homeostasis.
The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to
maintain optimum conditions.
2. Why does homeostasis need to maintain optimal conditions?
For enzyme action and all cell functions.
3. List three conditions that the body needs to maintain.
Blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water levels.
4. State the optimum human body temperature. 37oC
5. What part of the brain monitors and controls temperature?
Thermoregulatory centre
 The human nervous system Part 2 -
AnswerIT
BIOLOGY ONLY:
6. Describe what happens in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
• If the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction),
sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
• If the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and
sweat is produced from the sweat glands. Both these mechanisms cause a
transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Homeostasis
continued
Part 4
• Control of blood glucose
• Diabetes
• Lifestyle
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 4 - Control of blood glucose
Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas.

Blood glucose concentration

TOO HIGH

The PANCREAS releases the

hormone insulin

Insulin stimulates the

movement of GLUCOSE from
the blood into cells

LIVER and MUSCLE cells

convert excess GLUCOSE into
Video - Regulating blood glucose GLYCOGEN for storage
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 4- Control of blood glucose (HT)
The control of blood glucose concentration is an example of NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK. This ensures that, in any control system, changes are
reversed and returned back to the set level.
The PANCREAS releases INSULIN

Blood glucose concentration LIVER and MUSCLE cells convert

TOO HIGH excess GLUCOSE into GLYCOGEN

Normal blood GLUCOSE levels

Blood glucose concentration LIVER and MUSCLE cells convert

TOO LOW GLYCOGEN into GLUCOSE

The PANCREAS releases GLUCAGON

 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 4 - Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to
become too high.
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes
• A disorder in which the • A disorder where the body cells
pancreas fails to produce no longer respond to insulin
enough insulin. produced by the pancreas.
• The lack of insulin causes • Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2
uncontrolled high blood diabetes.
glucose levels. • Type 2 is normally treated by
• Type 1 is normally treated with controlling the carbohydrate in
insulin injections. the diet and by exercise.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 4 - Diabetes
Excess weight (obesity) can make a person have a greater risk of developing type
2 diabetes.
A tool called the Body Mass Indicator (BMI) can be used to calculate whether a
persons weight lies within a healthy range.

BMI calculator
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 4 - Lifestyle
The use of BMI has limitations because it simply shows if a person
is carrying too much weight. It does not calculate if this is excess
fat, muscle or bone.

Very muscular adults and athletes may be classed as overweight or

obese even though their body fat is low.

The waist to hip ratio should be considered alongside the BMI

figure.
Male (waist : hip ratio) Female (waist : hip ratio) Health risk based on
Waist : hip ratio
0. 95 or below 0.80 or below Low risk

0.96 to 1.0 0.81 to 0.85 Moderate risk

1.1 or more 0.86 or more High risk

QuestionIT!
Homeostasis continued
Part 4

• Control of blood glucose

• Diabetes
• Lifestyle
 Hormonal coordination in humans
Part 4 - Question IT
1. What happens to the glucose in the blood when insulin is released?
2. Which type of diabetes is caused when the body cells no longer respond
to insulin?
3. State how Type 1 diabetes is treated.
4. State how Type 2 diabetes is treated.
5. Where is insulin produced?
6. What do the initials BMI stand for?
7. What is BMI used for?
8. What two measurements are required in order to calculate BMI?
9. What other measurements can be used to give an indication of whether
a person is in a healthy weight range?
 Hormonal coordination in humans
Part 4 - Question IT
Higher Tier
10. Describe the role of glucagon in the regulation of blood glucose?
AnswerIT!
Homeostasis continued
Part 4

• Control of blood glucose

• Diabetes
• Lifestyle
 Hormonal coordination in humans
Part 4 - Question IT
1. What happens to the glucose in the blood when insulin is released? The
glucose is removed from the blood and then converted to glycogen and
stored in the liver and muscles
2. Which type of diabetes is caused when the body cells no longer respond
to insulin? Type 2
3. State how Type 1 diabetes is treated. With insulin injections
4. State how Type 2 diabetes is treated. By controlling the carbohydrate in
the diet and by exercise.
5. Where is insulin produced? Pancreas
6. What do the initials BMI stand for? Body Mass Index
7. What is BMI used for? To calculate whether a person is in a healthy
weight range for their height.
8. What two measurements are required in order to calculate BMI? Height
and mass
9. What other measurements can be used to give an indication of whether
a person is in a healthy weight range? Waist to hip ratio
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 1
AnswerIT
Higher Tier
10. Describe the role of glucagon in the regulation of glucose?
Glucagon is released when the blood glucose concentration is low and it
stimulates the liver and muscles to convert stored glycogen into glucose.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Homeostasis continued
Part 5
• Osmoregulation (biology)
• Structure of the urinary system
(biology)
• Maintaining water and nitrogen
balance in the body (biology)
• Kidney failure and treatment
(biology)
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 - Osmoregulation
There is no control
Water leaves the over water, ion or
body via the lungs urea loss by the
when you breathe lungs or skin.
out (exhalation).
Water, ions and
urea are lost from
the skin in sweat.
Excess water, ions
and urea are
removed via the
kidneys in the urine. Ions – include sodium,
potassium, calcium , nitrogen.
Osmoregulation is the
regulation of water content Urea – A waste product produced
in the body. This is when proteins are broken down.
important for homeostasis.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Osmoregulation (Biology)

The cytoplasm of body cells is mainly made from water. If cells lose or
gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently.
Hypertonic – more concentrated solution than
in the cells e.g. concentrated sugar solution
Isotonic – same concentration as the solution
in the cell.
Hypotonic – more dilute than the solution in
the cells. e.g. water or dilute sugar solution

• When a red blood cell is placed in hypotonic solutions e.g. water, water
enters the cell by osmosis and as the volume increases this puts pressure
on the cell membrane and it bursts. This is called lysis.
• When a red blood cell is placed in hypertonic solutions e.g. concentrated
sugar solution, water leaves the cell by osmosis and the cells shrink and
the membrane wrinkles. This is called crenation.
• Lysis and crenation do not happen in the body if the kidneys function
properly as the kidneys keep the blood concentration isotonic.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Structure of the urinary system(Biology)

blood flowing into

the kidney from
internal
the renal artery
structure of
the kidney
kidney

blood flowing
from the kidney ureter
into the renal vein
bladder
urethra
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Structure of the urinary system (Biology)

The kidneys filter the blood and form urine that is stored in the
bladder. They are located in the lower back. Each kidney has an
outer layer called the cortex and an inner layer called the medulla.
There are millions of structures called kidney tubules (nephrons)
and this is where the blood is filtered.
There are 3 steps to this process:
cortex
1. Filtration of glucose, urea, ions (salts) and
water from the blood.

2. Selective reabsorption of ALL glucose, some

ions (salts) and some water into the blood.

3. Excretion of ALL urea, excess ions (salts) and medulla

excess water into the urine. ureter
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Maintaining nitrogen balance in the body (Biology)

When you have a diet high Diet high in proteins

in proteins, the excess
proteins are digested
(broken down) into amino Digestive system
acids that are absorbed into proteins  amino acids

amino acids  ammonia💀

the blood. The excess amino
acids are then deaminated Liver
(removal of an amino group
from the amino acids) in the (deaminated)
liver to form ammonia.
ammonia  urea
Ammonia is a very toxic
substance and so it is
Kidneys
immediately converted to
Urea is filtered from the blood and
urea for safe excretion from
excreted from the body in urine
the body in the urine.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Maintaining water balance in the body (Biology Higher Tier)

The pituitary gland in the brain monitors the water levels in the
blood. It releases a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
Kidney tubules
(nephrons) have
some of the
structures in both
the cortex and the
medulla. kidney
tubule

ADH causes the kidney tubules to become more permeable to water.

Increased levels of ADH cause the kidneys to re-absorb more water.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Maintaining water balance in the body (Biology Higher Tier)

The PITUITARY GLAND STOPS releasing ADH into the blood

Kidney tubules LESS permeable and

Increased water content of
reabsorb LESS water. LESS
the blood (more dilute)
CONCENTRATED urine is produced

Normal blood WATER levels

Decreased water content of Kidney tubules MORE permeable

the blood (more and reabsorb MORE water. MORE
concentrated) CONCENTRATED urine is produced

The PITUITARY GLAND RELEASES ADH into the blood

This is an example of a process controlled by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Kidney failure (Biology)

Kidney failure is a medical condition where the kidneys no longer

work. The kidneys are important in homeostasis and if kidneys fail
toxins can build up in the blood and the concentration of ions (salts)
gets out of balance.

The current treatments for kidney failure are

kidney dialysis and kidney transplants
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Kidney failure (Biology)

KIDNEY DIALYSIS: Treatment by

dialysis restores the concentrations
of dissolved substances in the
blood to normal levels and has to
be carried out at regular intervals.

In a dialysis machine:
• Blood high in urea flows between partially permeable membranes
in the opposite direction to the dialysis fluid (maintains the
concentration gradient)
• The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful
substances as the blood - this ensures that glucose and ions (salts)
are not lost.
• Urea passes out from the blood into the dialysis fluid.
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Kidney failure (Biology)

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT: A diseased kidney is replaced by a healthy donor

kidney. This can be from a live donor or from someone who has died.

Organ rejection is a problem as the

antigens on the surface of the donor
kidney are recognised by the immune
system as foreign and can be attacked
by the patient’s antibodies.

To reduce the chances of this

happening two precautions are taken:
• Immune-suppressant drugs are
given
• A donor kidney with a similar
‘tissue type’ is used
 Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Part 5 – Kidney failure (Biology)

Treatment Advantages Disadvantages

• Available to all • Patient must limit their salt and
kidney patients (no protein intake between dialysis
shortage) sessions
Kidney • No need for • Expensive for the NHS
immune-suppressant • Regular dialysis sessions (up to
Dialysis drugs 8hrs) – impacts on the patient’s
lifestyle
• Risk of infection

• Patients can lead a • Must take immune-suppressant

more normal life drugs which increase the risk of
without having to infection
Kidney watch what they eat • Shortage of organ donors
Transplant and drink • Transplanted kidney only lasts 8-
• Cheaper for the NHS 9 years on average
overall • Any operation carries risks
QuestionIT!
Homeostasis continued
Part 5
• Osmoregulation (biology)
• Structure of the urinary system (biology)
• Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in
the body (biology only)
• Kidney failure and treatment
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
- Biology only - Question IT
1. State the ways in which water is lost from the body.
2. Sweat contains mostly water. What else can be found in sweat?
3. What is removed via the kidneys in the urine?
4. What is a hypertonic solution?
5. What is an isotonic solution?
6. What is a hypotonic solution?
7. What happens to animal cells when they are put in water?
8. What happens to animal cells when they are put in a concentrated
sugar solution?
9. HT: What happens to excess proteins in the diet?
10. HT: What does deaminated mean?
11. HT: What is ammonia converted to in the liver?
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
- Biology only - Question IT
12. Label A – G on the diagram below.

A.
G.

B.

C.
F.

E.

D.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
- Question IT
13. Name the structures in the kidneys where the blood is filtered.
14. What are the 3 steps in the blood filtering process?
15. Describe what happens in each of the 3 steps of the blood filtering
process.
16. HT: Where in the body are the water levels in the blood monitored?
17. HT: Name the hormone that controls the water levels in the blood.
18. HT: What effect does increased levels of this hormone have on the
kidneys?
19. HT: Describe what happens in the body when the water content of
the blood is too low?
20. HT: Describe what happens in the body when the water content of
the blood is too high?
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
- Question IT
21. How does kidney dialysis treat kidney failure?
22. Describe how the dialysis machine works.
23. How does a kidney transplant treat kidney failure?
24. State the advantages and disadvantages of kidney dialysis and kidney
transplants.
AnswerIT!
Homeostasis continued
Part 5
• Osmoregulation (biology)
• Structure of the urinary system (biology)
• Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in
the body (biology only)
• Kidney failure and treatment
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
AnswerIT
1. State the ways in which water is lost from the body. Lungs, urine, skin
(sweat)
2. Sweat contains mostly water. What else can be found in sweat? Ions
and urea
3. What is removed via the kidneys in the urine? Excess water, ions and
urea
4. What is a hypertonic solution? More concentrated solution than in
the cells e.g. concentrated sugar solution
5. What is an isotonic solution? Same concentration as the solution in
the cell
6. What is a hypotonic solution? More dilute than the solution in the
cells. e.g. water or dilute sugar solution
7. What happens to animal cells when they are put in water? Water
enters the cell by osmosis and as the volume increases this puts
pressure on the cell membrane and it bursts. This is called lysis.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
AnswerIT
8. What happens to animal cells when they are put in a concentrated sugar
solution? Water leaves the cell by osmosis and the cells shrink and the
membrane wrinkles. This is called crenation.
9. HT: What happens to excess proteins in the diet? They are transported
to the liver and converted into urea.
10. HT: What does deaminated mean? An amino group is removed from
an amino acid.
11. HT: What is ammonia converted to in the liver? Urea
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
AnswerIT
12. Label A – G on the diagram below.

A. blood flowing
into the kidney
from the renal G. internal
artery structure of
the kidney
B. kidney

C. blood flowing
from the kidney F. ureter
into the renal vein
E. bladder
D. urethra
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
AnswerIT
13. Name the structures in the kidneys where the blood is filtered. Kidney
tubules (nephrons)
14. What are the 3 steps in the blood filtering process? Filtration,
selective reabsorption and excretion
15. Describe what happens in each of the 3 steps of the blood filtering
process. Filtration of glucose, urea, ions (salts) and water from the blood.
Selective reabsorption of ALL glucose, some ions (salts) and some water
into the blood. Excretion of ALL urea, excess ions (salts) and excess water
into the urine.
16: HT: Where in the body are the water levels in the blood monitored?
The pituitary gland in the brain
17. HT: Name the hormone that controls the water levels in the blood.
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
18. HT: What effect does increased levels of this hormone have on the
kidneys? The kidney tubules to become more permeable to water.
Increased levels of ADH cause the kidneys to re-absorb more water.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
AnswerIT
19. HT: Describe what happens in the body when the water content of the
blood is too low? The PITUITARY GLAND releases ADH into the blood, kidney
tubules MORE permeable and reabsorb MORE water. MORE
CONCENTRATED urine is produced and the blood water levels return to
normal
20. HT: Describe what happens in the body when the water content of the
blood is too high? The PITUITARY GLAND stops releasing ADH into the blood,
kidney tubules LESS permeable and reabsorb LESS water. LESS concentrated
urine is produced and the blood water levels return to normal.
21. How does kidney dialysis treat kidney failure? Filters the blood to restore
the concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels.
22. Describe how the dialysis machine works. Blood high in urea flows
between partially permeable membranes in the opposite direction to the
dialysis fluid (maintains the concentration gradient). The dialysis fluid
contains the same concentration of useful substances as the blood - this
ensures that glucose and ions (salts) are not lost. Urea passes out from the
blood into the dialysis fluid.
 Hormonal coordination in humans Part 5
AnswerIT
23. How does a kidney transplant treat kidney failure? A diseased kidney
is replaced by a healthy donor kidney; this can be from a live donor or
from someone who has died.
24. State the advantages and disadvantages of kidney dialysis and kidney
transplants. Kidney Dialysis – Advantages: Available to all kidney patients
(no shortage), no need for immune-suppressant drugs Disadvantages:
Patient must limit their salt and protein intake between dialysis sessions,
expensive for the NHS, regular dialysis sessions (up to 8hrs) – impacts on
the patient’s lifestyle, risk of infection Kidney Transplant – Advantages:
Patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they
eat and drink, cheaper for the NHS overall.
Disadvantages: Must take immune-suppressant drugs which increase the
risk of infection, shortage of organ donors, kidney only lasts 8-9 years on
average, any operation carries risks.