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Ionic Bond

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275 views6 pages

Ionic Bond

Uploaded by

Ahmed Nasr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemistry G11

Ionic and covalent bond


Ionic bond
 Formed between metal and non metal.
 The metal atom has large atomic radius and low ionization energy so
it easily lose its valency electrons to have the same stable structure
of the nearest noble gas and change into +ve ion called cation.

Na (2,8,1) Na+ + e- (2,8)

 The non metal atom has small atomic radius and high electron
affinity so it easily gain the lost electrons from the metal atom to
have the same stable structure of the nearest noble gas and change
into -ve ion called anion.

Cl + e- (2,8,7) Cl- (2,8,8)

 The ionic bond: the electrostatic attraction force formed between the
cation and the anion.
Na+ + Cl- NaCl
 General properties of ionic compounds:
1. The cations and the anions attract together in

crystal lattice structure.


2. Have high melting and boiling points.

3. Dissolve in polar solvent as water.

4. Their molten or aqueous solution are good

conductor for electricity.


Arrange

The following compounds, decreasing their ionic


properties
AlCl3 , MgCl2 , NaCl
(2) Covalent bond

Formed between two atoms (non metals) have the same or close electronegativity

A- Pure covalent bond


 Formed between two atoms equal in electronegativity so the electron pair pend the same
time in around each atom and net charge of each atom is zero as
 H2 = H •• H f2 = F •• F Cl2 = Cl •• Cl O2 = O O N2 = N N

B- Polar covalent bond:


 When the difference in electronegative is somewhat high but less than 1.7
 As in hydrogen chloride where the chlorine atom has higher electro negativity than
hydrogen so it attracts the pair of the electrons to itself so it carries partial –ve charge while
the hydrogen carries partial +ve charge.

ᵟ+ ᵟ- ᵟ+ ᵟ+ ᵟ+ ᵟ+ ᵟ+
H Cl H H H H H
ᵟ-
O Nᵟ-
*Some compounds are called non polar as organic compound C= 2.5 & H = 2.1
Metallic bond

 It is formed the electron cloud of valence electrons of each atom are


overlap associated together forming an electron cloud which
decreases the repulsive force between the +ve metal ions in the
crystal lattice.

 Thestrength of the metallic bond increases with increase the number of


valence electrons.

 Givereason: sodium (group 1A elements) is softer than aluminum


(group 3A elements).

 Because the strength of metallic bond increase with increase the number
of the valence electrons and sodium has only one electron in the valence
shell 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1 while aluminum has three electrons 1S2 2S2 2P6
3S2 3P1 so the overlapping between the valence electrons in aluminum
is stronger than in sodium.
Allotropy
It is the presence of the element in more than one form of different physical
properties but similar in chemical one.

Due to the presence of the element in more than crystalline form, differ in
number and arrangement of their atoms.
The element Allotropic forms
Phosphorus White (waxy) – red – violet
Arsenic Black – grey – yellow (waxy yellow)
antimony Yellow - black
Nitrogen and bismuth has no allotrophic forms since the allotrophy appears
only in solid non metallic and metalloid elements.

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