GPS

Update
• As of August 2019, 74 Global Positioning System
navigation satellites have been launched, 31 of which are operational,
9 in reserve, 2 being tested, 30 have been retired and 2 were lost at
launch. The constellation requires a minimum of 24
operational satellites
UPDATE
How Many Countries have satellite navigation system
• Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
1)NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) -USA 32 medium earth orbit satellites operations
since 1978
2) GLONASS - Russian since 1995
3) Galileo - European Union - 30 MEO satellite some are operations since 2014 , expected to
be in full service till 2020
4)Beidou-2 - China , 30 MEO satellites , expanding current regional service into global by 2020

Regional satellite navigation system

1) Beidou-1 - China 16 satellites , covering Asia pacific since DEC 2012

2) NAVIC - India 7 satellites covering India , till today 28apr2016 all 7 satellites launched , soon
it will be operational

3) QZSS - Japan 3 satellites system for Japan , first satellite launched in 2010
GNSS – Global Navigation
Satellite System
CURRENT SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

• GPS
– USA
– Global Positioning System
– First Experimental Launch Feb, 1978
– First Operational Launch 1989 and
_Operational Capability in Feb, 1993
_ Altitude 19,300 kms
_ Five monitoring stations
CURRENT SATELLITE NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS
• GLONASS
* Russian
* Counterpart to the US GPS both share the
same principles in the data transmission
and positioning
* Consists 0f 19 satellites 17 operational and
2 under maintenance
* Orbital planes separated by 120 degree
* Orbits at 19,100 kms
* Ground Control Station in Moscow
* Telemetry Tracking system in St
Petersburg,Ternopal, Eniseisk,
Komsomolskne
* Launched in 1982 Operational 24 Sep 1993
FUTURE SATELLITE NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS

• Galileo
– European Union Space Project (25 Nations)
_Major financial backers are Germany, France, Italy and UK
–Galileo is under civilian control unlike GPS and GLONASS
– Higher Accuracy for Civil Community 1 meter as compared to 5 meters GPS
– Tentative Plan of Launch : 2005 – 2010
– Availability of Service : 2010?
_ Largest European Space Project with eventual constellation of 30 satellites
_ Will include 27 operational and 3 active spares
_
GPS
GALILEO
GLONASS
 GLONASS

• GLONASS is an abbreviation of GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya

Sputnikovaya Sistema. (Translated as Global Navigation
Satellite System). Developed as
a military answer to the USA Navsat system by the former
Soviet Union, it fell into disrepair as the Soviet economy
collapsed at the turn of the century.
GPS
 BRIEF HISTORY OF GPS

• Brief history of GPS

• Transit System
• NavStar (what we now call GPS)
• Started development in 1973
• First four satellites launched in 1978
• Full Operational Capacity (FOC) reached on July 17, 1995
• System cost of $12 billion
• GPS provides both civilian and military positioning globally
• GPS comprised of three “segments”
• Space Segment (the satellites)
• Ground Segment (the ground control network)
• User Segment (GPS receivers and their users)
*Selective Availability (S/A) deactivated May 2000
 U.S. Policy History
• 1978: First GPS satellite launched
• 1983: President offered free civilian GPS
access to GPS
• 1996: Established joint civil/military GPS
management

• 1997: Congress passes law providing civil GPS access free of

direct user fees
• 2000: President set Selective Availability to “Zero”
• 2004: President issues U.S. Policy on Space-Based PNT
• 2007: President announces Selective Availability eliminated from
future GPS III satellites
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The Global Positioning System
• 31 satellites
• 20,200 km altitude
• 55 degrees inclination
• 12 hour orbital period
• 5 ground control stations
• Each satellite passes
over a ground monitoring
station every 12 hours

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Orbital Parameters
SATELLITE ORBIT GEOMETRY
 INCLINATION

• A celestial object's inclination indicates whether the object's orbit is

direct or retrograde. The inclination of a celestial object is the angle
between its orbital plane and another reference frame such as the
equatorial plane of the object's primary
PROGRADE ORBIT

• In an orbiting satellite, an orbit in which the satellite

travels in the same direction as the planet's rotation
 GPS
• GPS is a Satellite-based Navigation
• System developed by the USA
• Three Basic Segments
– Space Segment
– Control Segment
– User Segment
THREE SEGMENTS OF GPS

Space Segment

User Segment

Control Segment

Ground
Antennas
Master Station Monitor Stations
 GPS Space Segment
• The space segments nominally consists of 24 satellites, currently:
• 28 (24+4 spares) active GPS satellites (26 Block II, 2 Block IIR)
• Constellation design: at least 4 satellites in view from any location at any time to allow
navigation (solution for 3 position + 1 station clock unknowns)
• “Right Time, Right Place, Any Time, Any Place”
• GPS Orbit characteristics:
• Semi-Major Axis (Radius): 26,600 km
• Orbital Period : 11 h 58 min
• Orbit Inclination: 55 degrees
• Number of Orbit Planes: 6 (60 degree spacing)
• Number of Satellites: 24 (4 spares)
• Approximate Mass: 815 kg, 7.5 year lifespan
• Data Rate (message): 50 bit/sec
• PRN (Pseudo-Random Noise) Codes: Satellite-dependent Codes
• Transmit, Frequencies L-Band L1: 1575.42 MHtz
L2: 1227.60 MHtz
Space Segment
• Very high orbit
• 20,200 km
• 1 revolution in approximately 12 hrs
• Travel approx. 7,000mph
• GPS satellites fly in medium Earth
orbit (MEO) at an altitude of
approximately 20,200 km
(12,550 miles). Each satellite circles
the Earth twice a day.
• Considerations
• Accuracy
• Survivability
• Coverage
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CONTROL SEGMENTS

US Space Command

Cape Canaveral
Hawaii
Kwajalein Atoll

Diego Garcia
Ascension
Is.

Master Control Station Monitor Station Ground Antenna

Control Segment
The GPS Control Segment (CS) is comprised of four major components: a
Master Control Station (MCS), Backup Master Control Station (BMCS), four
ground antennas, and six monitor stations.
Working
• Routine satellite bus and payload status monitoring.
• Satellite maintenance and anomaly resolution.
• Managing SPS performance in support of all performance standards.
• Navigation data upload operations as required to sustain performance in
accordance with accuracy performance standards.
• Prompt detection and response to service failures.
Control Segment
Monitor and Control

Colorado
Springs

Ascension Kwajalein
Hawaii
Islands
Diego
Garcia

Master Control Station

Monitor Station
Ground Antenna
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USER SEGMENT
Think about this
• Why Cellphone can work inside buildings while GPS Cannot