A

Presentation on
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

Presented by
MD TAYAB ALI
LECTURER (SR. GRADE)
Mechanical Engineering Deptt.
H.R.H. THE POWIET, JORHAT- 1
 Development of Surfaces

 A development is the unfold/unrolled flat / plane figure of a 3-D object.

 When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on a plane, the
figure obtained is called development of the surfaces of the solid or simply
development.
 It is also called a pattern where the plane may show the true size of each area of the
object.
• When the pattern is cut, it can be rolled or folded back into the original object
as shown in figure 1. Practical applications of developments occur in sheet
metal work, stone cutting, pattern making, packaging, and package design.

Fig.- 1. Typical development of the surface of a cuboid.

 Methods of development
There are four main types of developments followed by industries.
Examples are shown in figure 2.
1.Parallel- line development
2. Radial –line development
3. Triangulation development
4. Approximate Method

Fig.- 2. Typical examples of various types of development

 1.Parallel- line development

 This method is employed to develop the surfaces of prisms and cylinders.

Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn from the two ends of
the solids and the lateral faces are located between these lines.

Fig.-3: Parallel line development

 2. Radial –line development

 This method is used for pyramids and cones in which the true
length of the slant edge or the generator is used as radius.

Fig.-4: Radial line development

 3. Triangulation development

 This method is used to develop transition pieces. This is

simply a method of dividing a surface into a number of
triangles and transferring them into the development.
Example: Tetrahedron and other polyhedrons.

Fig.-5: Triangulation development

 4. Approximate Method

 It is employed where the surface of a solid is theoretically

not possible to develop . Example: Sphere.

Fig.-6: Approximate Method of development

 Development of prism
 The development of a prism is a rectangle whose length is
equal to the perimeter of the base of the prism and width is
equal to the height of the prism.

Fig.-7:Development of Prism
 Development of right circular cylinder
 The development of a right circular cylinder is a rectangle
whose length is equal to the circumference of the cylinder and
width is equal to the height of the cylinder.

Fig.-8:Development of right circular cylinder

 Development of right circular cone

• The development of a right circular cone is a sector of a circle

having a radius equal to the slant height of the cone and an arc
length equal to the circumference of its base.
If slant height of the cone is given then subtended
angle θ can be calculated by using the formula:

Fig.-9:Development of right circular Cone

 Development of pyramid
The development of the surface of a pyramid consists of a
number of equal isosceles triangles in contact.

Fig.-10:Development of Pyramid
 Problem on development of truncated prism

Problem 1: A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and axis 70 mm long is resting

on its base on HP. such that a rectangular face is parallel to V.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 300 to HP. The section plane is
passing through the top end of an extreme lateral edge of the prism. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the cut prism.
Solution Steps:
 Draw the projections of the prism.
 Draw the section plane VT.
 Draw the development A A1 - A1 A , of the complete prism following the stretch
out line principle.
 Locate the point of intersection 1/ ,2/, etc., between VT and the edges of the prism.
 Draw horizontal lines through 1/ ,2/, etc., and obtain 1,2, etc., on the corresponding
edges in the development.
 Join the points 1,2, etc., by straight lines and darken the sides corresponding to the
retained portion of the solid.
Fig.-11:Development of hexagonal prism
 Problem on development of cylinder
 Problem-2: Draw the development of the lateral surface of a cylinder of 44 mm diameter, 60
mm height, and having a circular hole of 32 mm diameter drilled centrally through it such
that the axes of the hole and the cylinder are mutually at right angles.

Solution Steps:
Draw top view and divide it into 12 equal parts ,project front view of the given
cylinder, as shown in fig.-11.
Draw the development of complete cylinder by taking two stretch-out lines, length
equal to circumference of base, parallel to each other, gap between them equal to axis
length.
 Label the points where the circle for the hole in front view cuts he surface lines.
Also label the points in the top view where the two dotted lines, representing the hole,
cut the circumference of the circle, i.e. , points a, b, c and d.
Then transfer various points lying on the intersection of the hole circle and surface lines
on the cylinder, in front view, to their respective positions in the development.
Also transfer the points, A, B, C and D, using points, a, b, c and d plotted in top view,
by transferring their distances systematically from top view to the development, as
shown.
These points when joined by a smooth curve give the front and rear side s of the hole.
The hole enters on front side and leaves at the rear side of the cylinder in front view.
All construction lines are retained to render the solution self-explanatory.
Fig.-11:Development of cylinder
 Problem on development of pyramid
 Problem-3:-A hexagonal pyramid with side of base 30 mm and height 75 mm stands with
its base on H.P and an edge of the base parallel to V.P. It is cut by a plane perpendicular
to V.P, inclined at 45° to H.P and passing through the mid-point of the axis. Draw the
(sectioned) top view and develop the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
Solution Steps:
 Draw the two views of the given pyramid and indicate the cutting plane.
 Locate the points of intersection 11, 21, 31 , 41, 51, and 61 between the slant edges and the
cutting plane.
 Obtain the sectional top view by projecting the above points.
 With O as centre and radius equal to the true length of the slant edge draw an arc of the
circle.
 With radius equal to the side of the base 30 mm, step-off divisions on the above arc.
 Join the above division points A,B,C etc.,jn the order with the centre of the arc O. The
full development of the pyramid is given by OABCDEFA.
 Determine the true length o/ 21/, o/ 31/, etc., of the slant edges o/ 2/, o/ 3/, etc.
 Mark 1,2,3 etc., along OA,OB,OC etc., corresponding to the true lengths o / 1/, o/ 2/, o/ 3/,
etc., in the development.
 Join 1,2,3 etc., by straight lines and darken the sides corresponding to the truncated
portion of the solid.
Fig.-12:Development of hexagonal pyramid
 Problem on development of truncated Cone
 A cone of base 50mm diameter and height 60 mm rests with its base on H.P. It is cut by
a section plane which bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral
surface of the truncated cone.

Solution Steps:
Draw the two views of the given cone and indicate the cutting plane.
Draw the lateral surface of the complete cone.
Divide the base into 8 equal parts.
 Draw the generators in the front view corresponding to the above divisions.
Mark the points of intersection a/ b/ c/ etc. between the cutting plane and the
generators.
 Transfer the points 1,2,3 etc. to the development after finding the true
distances of 1,2,3 etc. from the apex 0 of the cone in the front view.
Fig.-13:Development of truncated cone
 Reference
1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103019/35
2.http://ednotebook.hostgator.co.in/development-of-surfaces.
3. Gill P.S., “Engineering Drawing, 11th edition, 2007-08 (Reprint),
S.K.Kataria & Son’s., New Dehli.
4.Narayana K.L., Kannaiah, P., Reddy K. Venkata, “Machine Drawing, 3 rd
Edition, 2006, New age international (P) Ltd, Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Dhawan R.K., “A Text Book of Machine Drawing” , 2015(Reprint), S.
Chand & Company Pvt Ltd. , New Delhi.
Thank You