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Addictives

It says about additives.

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Prakash R
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12 views

Addictives

It says about additives.

Uploaded by

Prakash R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADDITIVES IN

PLASTICS

By – Prakash.R
Assistant Professor
Department of Food Tech
Dhaanish Ahmed Institute
of Technology
What
What are
are
additives
additives ??
Materials  dispersed  polymer
matrix without affecting
significantly the molecular structure
of the polymer to attend certain
desirable properties
Why to use additives in
plastics ?
• Improve processing conditions
• Increase resin’s stability to oxidation
• Obtain better impact resistance
• Increase or decrease hardness
• Control surface tension
• Facilitate extrusion moulding
• Control blocking
• Reduce cost
• Increase flame resistance.
Types of additives
• Fillers
• Antioxidants
• Heat stabilizers
• UV stabilizers
• Colorants
• Antistatics
• Flame/fire retardants
• Cross-linking agents
• Blowing agents
• Lubricants
• Impact modifiers
• Processing aids
What are fillers?
• Mostly needed by thermosets,
sometimes also needed by
thermoplastics.

• Added to reduce cost.


Classification of fillers
• Mineral fillers : e.g. CaCO3 , kaolin, feldspar, talc etc.

• Metallic, conductive & magnetic fillers : iron, copper,


zinc & lead

• Fire retarding fillers : Sb2O3

• Organic and special purpose fillers : carbon black, wood


flour, walnut flour

• Flake reinforcement : mica

• Continuous filament reinforcement : fibre glass,


carbon graphite filaments etc.

• Short fibre reinforcement : asbestos


Heat stabilizers
• To prevent degradation that occur during high temp
processing/fabrication.

• PVC largest consumer.


• e.g.- family of lead salts, complex barium cadmium solids, non toxic Ca & Zn
salts
• Type: Ba / Cd - Clear calendered products, Injection moulded
flexible products, blown film

• Type: Ba / Cd / Zn – Clear calendered products, blown film,


flexible products, plastisol processing

• Type: Ba / Zn – Flexible calendered products, unsupported films


for garments, artificial leather for automotive

• Type: Ca / Zn (Non-Toxic) – Children’s toys, packaging films, base


coat for artificial leather, top coat for floor coverings, conveyor
belts, sealing compounds

• Type: Ba / Cd / Pb – Calendered, injection moulded products,


extreme high temp, and application.

• Type: Lead Complex – Rigid PVC pipes, casing capping, electric


wires.
UV STABILIZERS
• UV light  280-400nm  polymers unstable

• To overcome this UV stabilizers are used.

Classification-:
1)UV absorbers: Hydroxy benzophenones
2)UV quenchers: Piperidines
3)Pigment: carbon black

Applications -:
1) carpenting outdoor/seatings
2) Acrylic coating used on outdoor sign boards
3) Light diffusers
4) Used in outer liners of HMHDPE (High Molecular High-
density polyethylene)
Antioxidants-:
• Polymers when subjected to oxygen attack & if
1)there exists high concentration of unsaturated c-c bonds
2)residual polymerisation catalyst
3)it is subjected to highly oxidising conditions,then it undergo
oxidation.

-to overcome this problems  long service life, antioxidants


are used.
Classification -:
1)primary: hindered phenolics acryl amines
2)secondary: phosphurous & sulphur containing compounds
Colorants

Colorants

Pigments (forms dispersion)


Dyes (completely soluble)

properties :
1) hiding power
2) particle distribution
3) fastness to light,heat,chem.
e.g. Benzidine yellow, red 2B pigments,
Alumina hydrate, iron oxide .

Applications:
Packaging, domestic articles, space research ,
m/c switches, transportation
Antistatic agent
• Due to low surface conductivity  have poor
conductivity  accumulation of static charge.
Which is undesirable because

1) attracts dust particles wear & abrasion &


unsightly look.

2) charged metals results into powdering.

3) it can generate spark, which can become


hazardous.
e.g. butyl stearate, tri -ethanol-amine
Fire retardants
• Polymers being organic compounds burn or
decompose on exposure to fire, generates toxic
fumes, smoke.

• Two techniques: 1)use fire retardant raw material.


2)use fire retardant additives.
e.g. inorganic :zinc borate
halogenated :chlorinate paraffins

applicable to polymers to be used in mines,


automobiles, air vehicles, railways, etc.

consumed by - polyesters, polycarbon


polyurethanes.
Cross-linking agents
• Thermosets cure either on application of heat or cross linking/curing/ hardening
agents.

• In some cases agent triggers off the reaction & therefore linking the resin
molecules or

• It enters into the parts between molecules and completes the chain.

Classification :

1)free radical intiator : Isobutyl nitrile, Alkyl peroxide .


2)non free radical agents : Isocynate with polyol

Used : Manufacture of Thermosets like polyurethane, Urea Formaldehyde,


etc
Blowing agent
• Polymeric foams preparation(2 ways)
1) mechanical
2) chemically
• substances called blowing agents, which on heating
decompose giving N & CO2
• Rigid PVC,ABS,Polystyrene, polyolefins being chief
consumers.

Applications:
mattresses, pillows, insulation, foam pipes
for non-p conditions.
e.g.para toluene sulphonyl hydrazide.
Lubricants
• Hot processing of polymers need lubricants either internally
or externally.

• Internal lubricants decreasing normal cohesive forces


between polymer moleculesgood flow conditions by
lowering viscosity.

• External lubricant don’t let melt to stick to hot surface of


processing. By forming a thin layer at melt-solid interface.

e.g. butyl stearate, octyl stearate, stearic acid


Impact modifiers
• To upgrade physical properties of polymer to the extent
prescribed by consumer, the additives added to polymers are
called as strength (impact) modifiers.

• They impart breakage resistance, rigidity, ease of post


fabrication, strength to sheets

• The strength imparted depends on time & temp conditions of


processing .

• Rigid PVC for prolonged outdoor exposure needs I.m., similarly


epoxy & polyester thermosets require impact modifiers.
Additives : Packaging
appications
• Enhances barrier properties
• Better transparency/Gloss
• Better printing/sealing properties
• Anti microbials
Thank you ;)

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